THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the â€Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerful† rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a â€Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human liberty† (as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable

Climate change Essay Example for Free

Climate change Essay In this era of industrialization there is no doubt that countries are developing in terms of resources and technology but there are repercussions as well. Scientists are of the view that human activities are contributing to not only a rise in world temperatures but also to the extreme climatic occurrences. Such climatic induced natural disasters have displaced many people from the shelter of their homes, have turned fertile lands into barren parts and have caused a depletion of fresh water resources (China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change, 2008). â€Å"It is predicted that the average global temperature will rise from between 1. 5 and 5 degrees Celsius over the next 100 years leading to a rise in sea level by one meter or more along with other disastrous climatic changes† (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). But the world today is so engrossed in reaching the top most position amongst industrialized countries that there is absolute ignorance about the causes of climatic disasters. Although there are people who believe that the drastic temperature increase over the last 100 years is a natural phenomenon, but the wide majority of the scientists argue that human activities are the root cause. â€Å"When it was realized that the radical climatic changes are an important issue and need to be tackled, the first milestone was launched in 2005, termed as the Kyoto protocol which aimed at reducing the gas emissions from industrialized countries† (Pettifor, 2008). But the main problem regarding this protocol is that some of the world’s biggest current and future polluters are not a signatory to this agreement as a result of which this protocol is unlikely to have any impact on the climatic changes (Climate Change, 2008). Population growth in such countries is allowing for the set up of more industries which will eventually accelerate the problem on hand. If technologies which cause less pollution and are comparatively cheaper are created and adopted then even countries which are not committed to the climatic change improvement will adopt them for their own economic self interest. Such technologies can be implemented in electricity production and transportation because these are the two factors which contribute to environmental pollution in all developing countries. In many countries carbon free alternatives have already been implemented for energy production and transport purposes and the added costs have been considered to be meager when compared to the benefits. Emission trading is a phenomenon that allows for the achievement of pollution reduction at reduced costs whereby a country which is able to meet its target of reducing emissions sells its pollution permit to another country which is unable to meet the target set (Howden, 2007). Policies are required both in developing and the developed countries to finance the regime of saving the planet. These policies include certain incentives and subsidies for the innovator who adopts the carbon free technologies in his production plant , taxes and charges enforced on those who fail to follow the reduced emission target and also government regulations that allow remove the barrier to entry for new entrants willing to adopt the lower carbon alternatives. In January 2007 the EU set out proposals for a global agreement on saving the planet from further climatic deterioration (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). Two key targets to be met by 2020 were set which included a 20% reduction in energy consumption and use of renewable energy resources to be increased by 20%. The EU countries also committed to cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions by 30% given that other developed countries also commit to reductions in gas emissions under a global agreement (Climate Change, 2008). It is the rich countries that need to be pressurized to take steps in the mitigation of climatic changes and provide finance for the poorer countries that may be reluctant to cut down on emissions since it would have adverse affects on their economy (Climate Change, 2008). In spite of the current economic turmoil which the entire world is facing, the U. S has promised to provide subsidies to the car industry to help them develop green cars which will help in creating a cleaner and less polluted environment. This step taken by the U. S motivated the EU member states to do the same. Similarly the German government is thinking of offering tax incentives to the general public to install energy efficient heating systems in their homes and to purchase the carbon free, environmentally friendly green cars. And the list goes not stop here, governments of different countries are thinking of providing subsidies to industries to produce green appliances, green airplanes, efficient lighting equipment, and better insulation and so on (Howden, 2007). To implement all this money is required which is expected to come from private investors. In the future years it is predicted that a vast portion of government spending will be directed towards saving the environment from climatic changes (Pettifor, 2008). China, one of the most enthusiastic country in dealing with the climatic change crisis has emphasized on the need for rich nations to contribute 1% of their GDP to help poorer nations counter the effects of the drastic climatic changes, to enable them to adopt the ‘green technologies’ and to simply assist them in tackling disasters like earthquakes, floods, heat waves and droughts (China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change, 2008). A main human activity which is adding to global warming is deforestation which has been occurring worldwide at a large scale. Carbon emissions caused by deforestation cause far more damage then either factories or cars do. Countries are implementing strict regulations regarding deforestation and have imposed penalties on those indulging in this act on lands where it is prohibited. No new technology is required it is just the enforcement policies, political will and incentives that need to be provided to government and individuals alike to make them realize the importance of forests to the environment. But poorer nations are unwilling to cut down on deforestation since it means compromising on their source of income and ultimately compromising on their economy. Forestry experts and policy makers have held meetings in Germany to try and put deforestation on top of the agenda of UN for dealing with climatic changes but Papua New Guinea, one of the world’s poorest nations refused to co-operate when it declared that it can’t cut down on deforestation unless it was offered financial incentives to do so. Natural forestation acts as a thermostat for the earth generating much needed rainfall and stabilizing the amount of harmful gases in the environment yet governments are ignorant or rather choose to stay unaware of this fact and are focusing more on implementing economic policies , encouraging bio-fuel subsidies and carbon capture schemes to tackle the problem of climatic changes (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). For domestic users of energy, education and training programs need to be implemented to break down the reluctance of adopting environmentally friendly products and to help in creating a carbon free environment. For industries as well staff training, rewards system, awareness programs can reduce energy consumption considerably and reduce the green house gases emissions (Pettifor, 2008). There are certain economic policies which can be implemented to achieve the desired effects like taxes and charges on industries emitting carbon toxicants above a certain given level can be imposed which will induce them to eventually cut down on polluting the environment. Voluntary agreements between the governments and industries as well as between developing countries like the Kyoto protocol can accelerate the adoption of technological advances and cause considerable emission reductions (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). But on the other hand it needs to be kept in mind that although harsh regulations and standards and tax impositions may have the desired effect in the industrial sector but when it comes to domestic households, who are also a major contributor to environment emissions due to car usage and domestic heating, we need to think out of the box and come up with more feasible and practical solutions Individuals need to be convinced of the need to adopt technology and embrace ‘green appliances’ and for that the main motivation is the monetary incentive. Majority of the global population is not an early adopter of technology and for their sake it needs to be kept in mind that they will look for reduced costs rather than being termed the most techno-savvy person of the year (Pettifor, 2008). People need to be educated rather than forced into adopting renewable energy resources. Same goes for the industrial sector of the rich nations though harsher methods to cut down on their emissions can be applied as well by the government. It is the poorer nations that show the maximum reluctance and are unwilling to co-operate in the regime to save the earth from further climatic destruction. These nations are more concerned about their economy since already they are far behind the rich nations and on top of that the international bodies impose restrictions on them to cut down on emissions which eventually mean a restraint on their business operations (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). The short term efforts that are being done to save the world from global warming and ozone depletion are basically a waste of resources and money since they tend to have little effect. It would be wiser to spend more yet come up with long term viable solutions which promise an improvement in the climatic conditions. Those who are worried that the cost of saving the world from climatic changes need to realize that the atmosphere cannot determine if the reduced carbon emission has come from an expensive decision or a cheap choice because it can only feel if the emissions have reduced or not. Works Cited 1. China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change. (2008, November). Retrieved November 9, 2008, from NewScientist. com: http://environment. newscientist. com/article/dn15148-china-tells-rich-nations-to-pay-up-on-climate-change. html? DCMP=ILC-hmtsnsref=news1_head_dn15148 2. Climate Change. (2008). Retrieved November 6, 2008, from EUROPA Commission: http://ec. europa. eu/environment/climat/home_en. htm 3. Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies. (2002). Centre for Economic Performance , 2. 4. Howden, D. (2007, May 14). Deforestation: The hidden cause of global warming. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from The Independent: http://www. independent. co. uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734. html 5. Pettifor, A. (2008, October 28). Beyond the triple crisis: a green new deal. Retrieved November 7, 2008, from http://www. opendemocracy. net/article/beyond-the-triple-crisis-a-green-new-deal 6. Summary for Policy Makers. (2007, May 5). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from http://www. globalpolicy. org/socecon/envronmt/climate/2007/0504ipccthree. pdf

Essay --

WikiLeaks: It’s Effect on the American and World Society By: Sam Karnan WikiLeaks has created an enormous effect on American society and the world in terms of national security and government transparency. WikiLeaks was created as a not-for-profit media organization whose main goal is to bring important news and information to the public. Much of the information that WikiLeaks has published would be considered sensitive material and extremely classified by the US Government and many other governments across the world. Background WikiLeaks.org was officially founded on October 4th, 2006 (Wall Street Journal). It operates from servers based in Sweden where it is illegal to reveal anonymous sources, whether they are one’s own or someone else’s. WikiLeaks was created with a goal of â€Å"promoting truth† (Wikileaks.org) in order to fight against government and corporation corruption. The main face of WikiLeaks is Julian Assange. He is an Australian journalist, editor, publisher and activist. Assange was described by his father (Brett Assange) as â€Å"a sharp kid that always fought for this underdog.† (The secret life of Julian Assange, 2010). Assange had a talent for hacking computers and has faced over 30 charges of hacking in Australia. Another high-profile face of WikiLeaks was Daniel Domscheit-Berg. He is most famous for the falling out he had with Assange and subsequently opening the curtains on the organization that opened the curtains on many other governments and corporations. Domscheit-Berg is a German technology activist that best became known for deleting at least 3000 unreleased documents, including a complete US No-Fly list, from WikiLeaks when he left the organization. After leaving the organization Domscheit-Berg state... ...N, 2013) Most recently, Edward Snowden who is a former CIA employee and NSA contactor released over 200,000 documents to the press. These documents contained information about the mass NSA surveillance program in the US as well as US surveillance on other countries. Snowden is considered a fugitive by the American government and is living in Russia under temporary asylum. (NSA Releases Some Files On Electronic Surveillance, NPR, 2013) WikiLeaks has changed the way governments operate. Due to the release of all these high profile documents, both the American people and people in other countries expect their governments’ to show a higher level of transparency. In this age where anything can be posted online or released to the press, whistleblowing has become much more common. This can be attributed to the effect WikiLeaks had on both the American and world society.

The Definition of Prose

A. DEFINITION OF PROSE Prose  is a form of  language  which applies ordinary  grammatical structure  and  natural flow of speech  rather than  rhythmic structure  (as in traditional  poetry). While there are  critical debates  on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers,  magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film,  history,  philosophy, law  and many other forms of communication.Prose is a form of writing that does not fall into any particular formal structure and types of prose can include drama, articles, novels, short stories, letters, history, philosophy and biographies. Prose is a term applied to any kind of discourse that is not poetry. This term usually, but not always, refers to written rather than spoken language. As the format of e veryday communication, the term prose can apply to anything from a business letter to a 600-page novel. It may be easier to define prose by examining how it differs from poetry: the distinctions between the two are most evident in the structure.Prose does not have a rhythmical construction like most poetry, nor does it utilize the specific line breaks associated with verse. It does not require the use of rhyming words at the end of lines, and it is does not employ the brevity and economical use of words for which poetry is often known. There are some elements of poetry, however, that prose does utilize. These elements include the use of metaphor, the comparison of two unlike objects, and alliteration — the use of similar sounds at the beginning of words.Prose can also employ imagery, a term for the use of specific details that help to create the concrete visual world in the mind's eye. Imagery is like a painting made out of words. From the Latin words prosa oratio, which mean â€Å"direct speech,† prose is the dominant form in literature. It the accepted mode of writing for novels, short stories, plays and folk tales. This form is also used on the Internet and in everyday business communication B. TYPES OF PROSE There are seven types of prose which is regular speech or writing, not poetry. 1. Short StoryShort Stories are a kind of prose that normally comprises of less than 10,000 to 20,000 words but can be limited to as less as 500 words. This form of prose has been around for thousands of years and probably the oldest example is an Egyptian short story entitled â€Å"The Two Brothers†, from around 3200 B. C. A  short story  is a work of fiction, usually written in  narrative  prose. Often depicting few characters and concentrating a ‘single effect' or mood, it differs from the  anecdote  in its use of  plot, and the variety of  literary techniques  it shares with the more extensive  novel.Although the short story is expressly defined by its length, the precise length of stories that can be considered ‘short' varies between critics and writers, especially when taking account of the diversity of the form across genres. As such, the short story is defined relative to other prose forms in various traditions and styles, with the precise length of each story determined by each author's artistic intent or the requirements of the plot or depiction.Like the novel, the short story tradition has been defined and shaped through the markets available for publication, and thus, the form can be practically traced through the submission guidelines of publishing houses, print and online media that have solicited them. The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more lengthy works, and a crafted form in its own right, collected together in books of similar length, price and distribution as novels.Thus, short story writers may define their works as part of the artistic and personal expression of the form. They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed form, finding such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning. 2. Factual Prose This is generally used for the writing of novels and short stories. Although examples of this kind of prose has existed throughout history, they did not actually develop into a systematic form until a few centuries ago. 3. LettersLetters are a form of prose that are a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization which are usually transmitted by mail. 4. Novels Novels are a long story written in prose which gives a lot more freedom to the writer to experiment with lots of different literacy forms in one novel. 5. Diaries Diaries are a record of daily events, appointments, observations, etc. Or a book for keeping such a record and can be used in a personal sense or by a business. Three other kinds of prose are testimonies, journals and the personal essay which are less commonly used. 6. TestimonySome published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered â€Å"testimonial literature† particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression. This usage of the term comes originally from Latin America and the Spanish term â€Å"testimonio† when it emerged from human rights tribunals, truth commissions, and other international human rights instruments in countries such as Chile and Argentina. One of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchu.The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest significant English-language works in this genre. 7. Journal A journal (through French from Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings: * a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a d iary * a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day * many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society are often called journals.Although journal is sometimes used as a synonym for â€Å"magazine†, in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine. 8. Personal essay â€Å"For more than four hundred years, the personal essay has been one of the richest and most vibrant of all literary forms. † (The Art of the Personal Essay by Phillip Lopate. ) The personal essay is also one of the most popular forms of creative nonfiction.A personal essay can be based on a personal experience that results in a lesson that you learn. A personal essay can also be a personal opini on about a topic or issue that is important to you. This article defines the personal essay. * Definition of the Personal Essay A personal essay is either a personal narrative in which the author writes about a personal incident or experience that provided significant personal meaning or a lesson learned, or it is a personal opinion about some topic or issue that is important to the writer. * Personal Essay as a Personal NarrativeA personal narrative has the following elements: * It is based on a personal experience in which you have gained significant meaning, insight, or learned a lesson. It can also be based on a milestone or life-altering event. * It is personal narrative. The writer tells the story by including dialogue, imagery, characterization, conflict, plot, and setting. * It is written in the first person. (â€Å"I† point-of-view) * It is an autobiographical story in which the writer describes an incident that resulted in some personal growth or development. * A pe rsonal essay is a glimpse of the writer’s life.The writer describes the personal experience using the scene-building technique, weaves a theme throughout the narrative, and makes an important point. There must be a lesson or meaning. The writer cannot just write an interesting story. * It does not have to be objective. However, the writer must express his/her feelings, thoughts, and emotions. * The writer uses self-disclosure and is honest with his/her readers. * The writer writes about a real life experience. The incident or experience must have occurred. The writer must use fact and truth. * The writer must dramatize the story by using the scene building technique.A scene includes setting/location, intimate details, concrete and specific descriptions, action, and often dialogue. * The Personal Essay as a Personal Opinion A personal essay can also be an opinion piece, an opinion that is based on a particular political or social concern or topic of interest. In this type of p ersonal essay, the writer can states the problem, provide solutions, and then write a conclusion—which must state an important point. Whatever the writer discusses, the topic is of interest to the writer. The writer frequently seeks to explain the truth or reality has he/she views it. Sometimes the writer ponders a question.Other times the writer explores a topic from his own perspective. The writer must not lecture, sermonize, or moralize. In other words, the writer must present his/her opinion in such a way that allows the readers decide for themselves. In Writing Life Stories, author Bill Roorbach provides an excellent definition of the personal essay, one that is based on a personal opinion. He states that the personal essay that is based on a personal opinion has these attributes: * A personal essay is a conversation with your readers. * The personal essay is an informed mixture of storytelling, facts, wisdom, and personality. The personal essay examines a subject outsid e of yourself, but through the lens of self. * The subject of the personal essay may be the self, but the self is treated as evidence for the argument. * Passages of narrative often appear but generally get used as evidence in the inductive argument. * The personal essay strives to say what is evident, and to come to a conclusion that the reader may agree or disagree. * A personal essay can wonder through its subject, circle around it, get the long view and the short, always providing experience, knowledge, book learning, and personal history.It should also be noted that a personal essay doesn’t need to be objective. It can be purely subjective. You don’t have to prove a point or show both sides of the argument. But you must express your own personal feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a topic or issue in a logical manner. * Subject for the Personal Essay Your subject can be about anything that you are passionate about. You can write about a â€Å"turning point† in your life, or a milestone, or adversity, such as death, illness, divorce. The subject you choose must have provided you with significant personal meaning or a lesson that you have learned.But, keep in mind, you are not just reflecting or remembering, you are going to make a point, some universal truth that your readers can appreciate. Otherwise, your story is just a story. So, write about the following: * Personal experience * Incident * Anecdote * Topic * Issue * A memory Your subject can also be a personal opinion on an issue or concern that is important to you, such as the garbage strike, crime, or unemployment. C. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY 1. PLOT The term short story is a relatively recent one. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne 1837 collection of stories was titled Twice Told Tales.Today, the term tale suggests a simple narrative, told in chronological order. In the past, a short work was sometimes called a sketch. Today, sketch implies the narration of only single bri ef scene. Plot has been defined as â€Å"an author’s careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. The description of plot structure demonstrates how authors develop their stories: the discussion of techniques reveals how authors vary the chronology, provide hints of future action, sustain interest, and introduce the idea of chance or fate in the character’s lives. CAUSALITY A plot is a series of actions, often presented in chronological order, but the ingredient a plot has that a story lacks is causality. In a narrative with a plot, there is little that happens without a cause. * CONFLICT Even with the addition of causality, however, the concert ticket anecdote lacks another important ingredient. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict- an internal or an external struggle between the main character and an opposing force. When a story includes internal conflict, the main character is in conflict with himself or herself.In contrast, a n external conflict can occur between the central character and either another character, society, or natural source, including fate. The most common external force is another character. * PLOT STRUCTURE In literature, exposition refers to the explanatory information a reader needs to comprehend the situation in the story. Exposition establishes the setting, the major characters and some minor ones, the situation, and any necessary background information about what happened before the story began. The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation established in the exposition and sets the conflict in motion.The rising action, various episodes occur that develop complicate. In the rising action, various episodes occur that develop, complicate, or intensify the conflict. Climax has been defined in a number of ways: the point of greatest conflict, the emotional high point, the turning point in the plot, or the point at which one of the opposing forces gains the advantage. The events that follow the climax are known as the falling action. The falling action leads into the resolution or denouement of the story. The term resolution sometimes refers to all the events that follow the climax, including the denouement. . SETTING In the days of King Alfred there lived a poor woman, whose cottage was in a remote country village, many miles from London. Thus begins the old nursery tale â€Å"Jack and the Beanstalk. † The sentence describes the setting of the tale-that is, the time (in the days of King Alfred) and the place (a cottage in a remote country village far from London). Setting is so important that some readers base their literary likes and dislikes largely on the environment in a work-the future, early Rome, the English countryside, Los Angeles in the thirties, Detroit today, Cairo yesterday. ASPECTS OF SETTING Setting can be general (a city in the Midwest in the late nineteenth century), a specific (a three-story mansion on Pine street in Ch icago in 1885), or very detailed (the darkened parlour of that mansion at four o’clock on the first Tuesday in December). Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story, however. * PURPOSES OF SETTING Setting may serve a number of purposes, such as influencing action, defining character, and contributing to mood. 3. CHARACTER As a literary term, a character is a person created from a work or fiction. CLASSIFYING CHARACTER In some cases, characters are veiled, autobiographical versions of the author. Often, they are people the author knows or people the author has observed or overheard. While the origin of a character is usually irrelevant, a character’s dimensionality and purpose in the story are important. 1. ) Round and Flat Character Round character is three dimensional character complexes enough to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility. In contrast, a flat character is one whom Forster deems incapable of surprising the reader. ) M ajor and Minor Characters The term protagonist refers to the main or central character in fiction. Protagonist is an ancient Greek word for the central character of a drama. Rather, a more neutral and accurate word to describe the protagonist’s opponent is antagonist. Like protagonist, many antagonists will also be round characters, though it is possible for an antagonist to be flat character. Together, the protagonists and antagonists comprise the major characters. Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters.A stereotyped character represents a category of people. The word stereotype comes from printing and refers to a metal mold used to mass produce duplicates of printing type. A final character category of character might be termed the piece of furniture character. 3. ) Active and Static Characters Another way to classifying characters is to label them as active (or dynamic) or static. An active character is one who changes because of what hap pens in the plot. Static characters, however, remain unchanged; their character is the same at the end of the story as at the beginning. . POINT OF VIEW AND TONE Point of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story. There are two main points of view : first person ( I ) and third person ( he, she , they ) , but there are variations within these point of view. a. ) First Person (I) The â€Å"I† narrator is not the author. Instead, the author creates a persona or mask through which he or she tells the story. The â€Å"I† story may be a character in the story. IF there’s no â€Å"I’s,† the story is probably told from the third person point of view. b. ) Third PersonThe Third person point of view may be omniscient (in literally means â€Å"all knowing†): that is, may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limit ed omniscience is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as a newspaper reporter does. Long works of fiction are often told from several points of view, but short stories are commonly presented from a single point of view. B. ToneTone in writing is somewhat like tone of voice in speech. Tone in writing is the author’s attitude towards the characters, the topic, or the readers, as expressed by the narrator, and it may come across in number of ways Tone in writing can be, among other thing, serious, introspective, satirical, sad, ironic, playful, condescending, formal and informal. Tone is achieved through descriptive details of setting and character, through dialogue, and through the narrator, direct comment and author tone is necessarily the same throughout a work, although in a short story, the same tone is usually maintained throughout. . Tone and Mood The terms tone and mood are sometimes confused. While tone conveys the author’s attitude, mood refers to the atmosphere in a story. Atmosphere may be mysterious, horror-filled, or serene. While both the tone and the mood of a story maybe the same (both may be sad, for example), it is usually common to distinguished between these to terms. Also, the mood of a story is not necessarily the same throughout. The climax may bring about a change from despair to triumph, or from anxiety to relief or from any mood another. b. Determining ToneOne way of determining the tone of the story his to decide what effect the story has on you. For example, if the author seems sympathetic or hostile to a character, you likely will be to. If the authors tone seems aloof, you may fill a corresponding aloofness. If the author tone is lightly satirical, the effect is likely to be amusement or a sense that the author satire is well aimed. 5. THEME Theme is an author’s insight or general observation about human nature or the human condition that is conveyed through characters, plot, and imagery.If you examine carefully these two quotations expressing theme, you should deduce two important clues to the nature of a theme statement: first, it is presented in a complete sentence, and second, its contents is debatable. a. Particularity and Universality Particullary refers to the uniqueness or singularity of a work of fiction. Universality, on the other hand, refers to the relevance or applicability of a fictional work to large groups of people across time and place. b. The roots of theme c. Locating theme Just focus first on elements of each story as you read.Examine those elements closely, rereading as needed. From the factual details of plot (especially conflict), character, and setting (especially imagery), clues to the author’s debatable opinion will emerge. d. Formulating a theme statement 1. Expressing theme as multiple statements. 2. Avoiding excessive theme statement. 6. STYLE Style is a w riter’s characteristic way of saying things. It is a product of both the character of the writer as an individual and the choices that he or she makes concerning diction , imagery, syntax and variety, and organizational structure. . Diction Diction refers to a writer’s choice of words. The words chosen can be described as general or specific ( tree versus weeping willow ) ; formal or informal ( â€Å" How do you do† versus â€Å"Hello† ); abstract or concrete ( honor or brotherhood versus desk ) ; common ( drat ); jargon ( any words understood by members of a specialized group such as doctors, teachers, astronauts ) ; Latin- based or Anglo-Saxon words ( make a hotel reservation versus book a room). Whatever the choice, the author’s dixtion needs to be both clear and appropriate.However, that in fiction the author’s diction does not need to be grammatical to be clear or appropriate. b. Imagery and symbol In literature, imagery extends to all the senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. Imagery is also associated with figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, simile and others. A symbol is anything that signifies or stands for something else. In literature, symbol is anything concrete-an object, a place, a character, an action-that stands for suggest something abstract. c. SyntaxSyntax or sentence structure is the pattern or arrangement of individual words and phrases. A writer’s style also grows out of the mixture and variety of sentence patterns used in the writing. d. Organizational structure The organizational structure of most fiction is chronological: stories typically begin with exposition that established the setting, the chief characters, and the situation, including the conflict. 7. POPULAR SECTION a. Westerns The western story is a unique genre because the American frontier was a unique setting.Full of danger, hardship, beauty and the promise of wealth (or at least one’s own plo t of land), the frontier meant the opportunity to achieve the genuine independence. b. Detective and mystery A fiction that involves the unraveling of some puzzle or secret or crime is called a mystery. The classic detective story involves a police, private or amateur detective who investigates a crime and through observations, questioning, and deduction identifies the motive and the criminal from among a limited group of suspect. c. Fantasy and science fictionAll fiction is imaginary, but some of it can both be set in this world or in other world as we know it. Fantasy and science fiction can both be set in this world or in other worlds anytime. Both can and often do have social and political meaning. Fantasy has elements of the supernatural or magic. Science fiction, as its name suggest, its rooted in scientific and technological truths or in the possibility of scientific advancements based on what is known. Ghost and horror are stories that scare people have been popular and prof itable for a long time. References 1.Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction : The Elements of Fiction ( United States of America :1999 . PREFACE Alhamdulillahirobbilamin Gratitude belongs only to Almighty God, who has given his affection and the author for taking the time to complete the Introduction to Literature paper under the title â€Å" Fiction or Prose as Literary Genre â€Å". The authors also thank for several people who have helped in the completion of this paper. Papers on â€Å"Fiction or Prose as a Literary Genre† was filled to fulfill one presentation task Introduction to Literature course.Writing this paper aims to provide further information about the literature as an esthetic and study and the challenges to be faced in the future. This paper was presented several efforts that can be done to maintain the Introduction to Literature. The authors are aware that this paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect criticism and suggestions either in writing or orally from the lecturer of Introduction to Literature course DR. Alek ,M. Pd so writers can develop science , especially the science of Introduction to Literature.

Benjamin Franklin: from an Apprentice to a Founding Father

As one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin was a key figure in shaping the history of America. But even more so, he was a highly individualistic character, and showed a truly dynamic personality when compared to the early leaders of American history. His unique personality has been admired by those throughout history for his pragmatism, his soothing nature and ability to act as a mediator with others. He was known for his leadership skills, and respected as a writer, visionary, philosopher and inventor.Benjamin Franklin is still relevant today from students learning about his science experiments to the printing and technical industries benefiting from his inventions. Probably the most impressive quality about Franklin is the fact that he appealed to the everyday working class people. Born in Boston in 1706 to Abiah and Josiah Franklin, his father was a chandler and soap maker from England (Benjamin Franklin In Search of a Better World, 2005). Early on the young Ben Franklin was intrigued by reading and writing.One of his first inspirations was The Spectator essay written by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. Franklin was impressed with the authors’ passages about the vanities and values of contemporary life. He read the essays as a learning experience. After reading the pages he then re-wrote the text in his own words and evaluated what he could correct and then enhance—eventually creating his own unique, writing style. In addition to the essays of the day, he also immersed himself in the books that he borrowed from friends who worked for local book masters.In 1721 his brother James started the New England Courant, and the 16-year-old Benjamin wrote articles for it under an assumed name. Knowing his brother would not let him write for the paper, he found another way to get his writings in print. He wrote letters and signed them via a pseudonym of a made up widow dubbed: Silence Dogood. His musings were filled with the p light facing women and an analysis of the current landscape of the time period. All in all, readers loved the letters and clamored to find out more about the infamous scribe.Eventually the young writer confessed that he created the Dogood tales. Discovering this led to touchy altercation among the brothers; James said the compliments paid to Benjamin’s writing made him â€Å"vain. † The relationship between Benjamin and his older brother would lay the groundwork for his future philosophies and work ethic. As he revealed in his autobiography: â€Å"I fancy his harsh and tyrannical treatment of me might be a means of impressing me with that aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to me through my whole life.(The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, p. 20). This approach would later show up in Franklin’s dealings as a printer and in competing with other newspapermen of the day, as well as in his political dealings and his â€Å"man of the people† stance o n issues. Benjamin Franklin bought out a competitor’s newspaper called, the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729. Combining his many skills, Franklin wrote for the paper as well as printed the periodical. The Gazette was Franklin’s bread and butter for his printing service.To enhance the content, he focused on more up-to-date content and improved the quality of the writing and added a dose of wit and spirited prose. This newspaper saw much success within the area and in filled it more and more with political writings (In Search of a Better World, 2005). For example, Franklin created and published the first political cartoon in the paper. The Gazette was unique in that it had an open-press policy and â€Å"He was scrupulously evenhanded in his coverage of politics†¦. his open-press policy

Business Management Personal Statement Essays

Business Management Personal Statement Essays Business Management Personal Statement Essay Business Management Personal Statement Essay Almost all business management colleges that are offering the Masters program have the same eligibility requirement. Because of the same requirement, the number of applicants who apply for admission each year has been increased and due to that the competition has become even more intense. In this intense competition that only way to increase the chances of gaining admission in a college is by emerging with a compelling business management personal statement. An interesting and compelling statement can help you make your application standout from the competition. Keep in mind that a personal statement is requires with the intention of appraising the determination of the applicant, his personal and professional goals, values and skills. Also, they appraise the applicant to see whether he is the right candidate for the college and for the business management community. The appraiser also checks whether the applicant has good communication skills or not since we are talking about business management where effective communication and excellent interaction skills are necessary. First of all, you need to make a schedule and give ample time to your personal statement writing task. Read the prompt of different colleges carefully and see what they require in your personal statement – though almost all colleges have same requirements. By reading the prompt you will have an idea of what is expected first and what elements should be emphasized in the statement. Make sure that you brainstorm and pen down all the necessary elements that you want discuss in the personal statement. For instance, your strengths and weaknesses, your qualities, skills, determination and moral principles. Include every crucial element in the list keeping in mind that you need to sell yourself. Don’t hesitate to talk about your motivation or skills with passion. Include as much examples or evidence you want however keep those details brief and accurate. Start with one aspect of your qualities or experience and discuss it in detail. Discuss different topics like life experience, inspiration or aspiration as these topics sets you apart. Also keep in mind that talking about your strengths, qualities or good points might seem bragging but if it is done in a proper manner it will make you shine through your personal statement. A manager has a distinct set of qualities that sets him apart from other employees and that is the reason he is considered as a leader. What are those qualities and why those qualities make a manager a good leader? These are some questions that you have to analyze and answer in the personal statement. Support it with evidence that you possess those skills and that is the reason you are seeking a business management Degree. Another most important skill that will distinguish your application is good interaction and communication skills. A manager without good interaction skills is not an efficient manager. Some people are born with these skills while some develop it. Tell the admission board your story. Last but not least, review and edit the personal statement with a fresh mind.

buy custom Mind of a Killer essay

buy custom Mind of a Killer essay Introduction Maniacs, or serial killers, are of particular concern in a civilized society. This is determined by the number of victims, sophistication of murders and panic among the population, which can be caused by the rumors about the appearance of a serial killer. Economic costs of neutralization of such criminals pose a serious problem to the government because they are significantly higher than the costs of law enforcement action in neutralization of other types of criminal activity (for example, a twelve-year search and arrest of Andrei Chikatilo cost the state about $14000 000 in 1990 prices) (Hickey, 2012). In modern conditions, the most important thing in practical terms is a typological approach to the study of serial killers, which facilitates identification of specific personality traits of individual groups of criminals, the characteristics of their before- and post-criminal behavior and its associated traces. Such serial killers as Jeffrey Dahmer, Andrei Chikatilo and Albert Fish are different enough to be contrasted, but similar enough to be compared. They are among the cruelest serial killers of all time, so their behavior traits and biography details are of crucial importance and should be remembered by everyone. Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer is an American serial killer whose victims were 17 men and boys between 1978 and 1991. All crimes, except one, were committed in Milwaukee from 1987 to 1991 (Masters, 2007). Crimes of Dahmer were distinguished by exreme violence: the bodies of the victims were raped and eaten by him. As a child, Jeffrey was considered a very reclusive and introverted person who contacted a little with others. This fact made him alienated from his classmates at first, and then from army comrades, relatives and friends. Alienation plays a very important role in shaping the personality of a serial killer, as it gives rise to suspicion and hostility to the surrounding world (Thomas, 2010). It also fosters the development of infantilism, inability to empathize with other people, which contributes to the commission of crimes. Dahmers mother was very ill after the birth of Jeffrey; he saw this and blamed himself, giving rise to a feeling of guilt and inferiority, which also had a significant impact on Jeffrey. He felt unnecessary to his own parents, so he developed anxiety, which also promotes the formation of deviant behavior (Masters, 2007). The feeling of unnecessariness also leads to a lack of a sense of security, to the formation of a neurotic personality, and, respectively, to the fear of death. This is an important observation, which explains why serial killers are very difficult to commit suicide, though sometimes they extremely want it. Dahmer often tried to commit suicide, but he lacked the courage (Thomas, 2010). Dahmer experimented with animals, and he later admitted that the autopsies of the animals gave him a sense of power, superiority and domination from which he enjoyed. At the age 14, he kisses a neighbor boy and realizes his homosexual orientation (Masters, 2007). He had no chance to say this to anyone and was very ashhamed of his desires. This situation also affected the psyche of Dahmer very much. A feeling of alienation from others worsened, unconscious experiences continued to accumulate and demanded the output that Jeff carried out with the help of the dismemberment of the animals bodies (Thomas, 2010). When the feeling of alienation and unnecessariness reached its apogee, Dahmer killed his first victim. Andrei Chikatilo Andrei Chikatilo was born in Ukraine, in 1936. The facts about his childhood are almost unknown. Andrei Chikatilo commited 53 proved murders: 21 boys from 7 to 16 years, 14 girls from 9 to 17 years, and 18 adult girls and women (Hickey, 2012). It appears that the two circumstances slowed down his social advancement. Firstly, he caused a strong antipathy and rejection towards himself in many people. He himself said that he was verbally abused at work by everyone from a simple worker up to the chief. Secondly, he was a passive homosexual in the army and in the detention center, where he was under investigation for embezzlement. Chikatilo also suffered several injuries of the skull (Hickey, 2012). This also affected his personality and contributed to the development of irritability, nastiness, and intolerance. According to his temperament, he belonged to an epileptoid type of people with typical for this type cruelty and rancor. He was also a member of the Communist Party, but in connection with the arrest on charges of embezzlement, he was expelled from the party, losing thereby even such formal social recognition as a membership in the ranks of the ruling party (Hickey, 2012). Buy custom Mind of a Killer essay

How to Use the Italian Verb Avere

How to Use the Italian Verb Avere Avere: 1 to have (got): Ho molti amici. I have many friends; 2 to have, to own: Ha una villa in campagna. He has a house in the country; 3 to have on, to wear: Maria ha un vestito nuovo. Maria has on a new dress. Like the verb essere (to be), avere is used in myriad grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language. Interrogative Verbs To make a verb interrogative (I have - do I have?), add a question mark to the end of the sentence in writing. In speaking, the pitch of the voice rises at the end of the sentence. Avete un buon lavoro.You have a good job. Avete un buon lavoro?Do you have a good job? If a subject (noun or pronoun) is expressed in the interrogative, it can:- stay at the beginning of the sentence, before the verb- go to the end of the sentence- less frequently go immediately after the verb Does Mario have an uncle?Mario ha uno zio?Ha uno zio Mario?Ha Mario uno zio? Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation. The present tense (il presente) of avere is as follows: CONJUGATING THE ITALIAN VERB AVERE IN THE PRESENT TENSE Singolare Plurale (io) ho I have (noi) abbiamo we have (tu) hai you have (fam.) (voi) avete you have (fam.) (Lei) ha you have (form.) (Loro) hanno you have (form.) (lui) ha he has (loro) sono they have (fam.) he compound tenses are verb tenses, such as the  passato  prossimo, that consist of two words. The appropriate tense of  avere  or  essere  (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase. Transitive Verbs In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with  avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object:  The teacher  explains  the lesson. The past participle is invariable when the  passato  prossimo  is constructed with  avere. Oggi Anna non lavora perchà ¨ ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isnt working because she worked yesterday. The others worked yesterday too.Anche  gli  altri  hanno  lavorato  ieri. Past Participle When the past participle of a verb conjugated with  avere  is preceded by the third person  direct object pronouns  lo, la, le,  or  li,  the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns  mi, ti,  ci,  and  vi  when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory. Ho  mangiato  la frittata.I have eaten the  omelette. L’ho  mangiata.I have eaten it. Ho  comprato  il sale e  il  pepe.I bought the salt and pepper. Li  ho  comprati.  I bought them. Ci  hanno  visto  (visti).They saw us. In negative sentences,  non  is placed before the auxiliary verb. Molti  non  hanno  pagato.Many didnt pay. Hai  ordinato  un  aperitivo?Did you order an aperitif? No,  non  ho  ordinato  un  aperitivo.No, I didnt order an aperitif. Compound and Verb Tenses The compound tenses are verb tenses, such as the  passato  prossimo, that consist of two words. The appropriate tense of  avere  or  essere  (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase. In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with  avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object:  The teacher  explains  the lesson. The past participle is invariable when the  passato  prossimo  is constructed with  avere. Oggi Anna non lavora perchà ¨ ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isnt working because she worked yesterday. The others worked yesterday too.Anche  gli  altri  hanno  lavorato  ieri. When the past participle of a verb conjugated with  avere  is preceded by the third person  direct object pronouns  lo, la, le,  or  li,  the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns  mi, ti,  ci,  and  vi  when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory. Ho  mangiato  la frittata.I have eaten the  omelette. L’ho  mangiata.I have eaten it. Ho  comprato  il sale e  il  pepe.I bought the salt and pepper. Li  ho  comprati.I bought them. Ci  hanno  visto  (visti).They saw us. In negative sentences,  non  is placed before the auxiliary verb. Molti  non  hanno  pagato.Many didnt pay. Hai  ordinato  un  aperitivo?Did you order an aperitif? No,  non  ho  ordinato  un  aperitivo.No, I didnt order an aperitif.

(1)Critically assess the ways in which international trade can be Assignment

(1)Critically assess the ways in which international trade can be affected by governments interventions - Assignment Example The government intervention in international trade dictates the way the multinational companies operate. This paper is focused on different ways of government intervention in international trade and its influence on the nations and the firms. According to Poynter (2012) the government intervention can be described as the actions taken by the government in order to influence or interfere in the business activities of the private bodies or groups in terms of economic or social matters. The primary reason of the intervention is to protect the interest of the domestic firms from the predatory business activities of the large multinational firms. Warburton (2009) further added that the government policies regarding foreign trade offer both encouragement and restrictions to the multinational firms in a way that their business activities improve the economic condition of the host countries and at the same time do not impact the business operations of the smaller domestic firms. Thus the trade regulations set by the government act as a controlling authority that protects the interest of the domestic firms and looks after the social impact causing from the multinational firms. These regulations are important to ensure stability and growth of the domestic economy. Carbaugh, (2009) rightly pointed out that certain major multinational firms are so financially strong that their revenue is more than the GDP of certain small nations. Such firms have the necessary potential to control the business market of a developing nation if they diversify their business in that region. Therefore a regulatory policy has been set by the government so to limit the marketing activities of these firms. On the other hand, the internationalization of the multinational firms also improves the employment status of a nation. Therefore, the government of the developing countries often attract multinational firms within the national boundary to improve the social and

Women's Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Rights - Assignment Example This trend varies in different societies and most commonly practiced in western countries. I would narrate the story about Mrs. Kate Williams who has three children of ages 5, 13, and 20. She is doing job as a General Manager in sales and marketing at a software house called as SOFTEC. She started job around 18 years ago as a trainee engineer in the same company. Ever since then, she never looked back and kept on climbing the stairs of success in job. The way she managed her responsibilities for her family as well as job sets the example for all women in the world. When Mrs. Kate Williams gave birth to her first child, her family was suffering from financial crisis. Her husband was doing a job as a clerk in a small firm and his income wasn’t enough to meet the expenses of the family. The brave lady started looking for jobs herself while motivating his husband also to switch to some better job. As her first child turned two, she got the job in SOFTEC with reasonable amount of salary. But the real problem with doing job was to manage time for her husband as well as her young kid who needed her love and affection desperately. She couldn’t leave her kid all alone at home while she is at job. So, parents hired a maid for taking care of the baby around the clock. Moreover, mother kept on asking about her baby off and on from the office. She could also see her baby remotely from video chat software that maid could operate easily. The problems don’t end with initial phases only. Mrs. Kate Williams had to spend more time as she grew in experience as more responsibilities were assigned to her. With pregnancy periods for other two children, she had to continue her work at home for three months that included answering calls of customers, and designing software for them from home. She also had to give time to her school going eldest child for training him in school education. Husband also needs the company of her wife as he returns

On Either one of the Prison Epistles or one of the Pastoral Epistles Research Paper

On Either one of the Prison Epistles or one of the Pastoral Epistles and on one of the General Epistles - Research Paper Example Lastly, it discusses one important lesson learned from each letter and the impact of the lesson learned to someone’s life. Epistle means a literary letter which was planned to be published and read by the general public. The Prison Epistles are the letters that can be found in the New Testament of the Holy Bible. One of the Prison Epistles written by Paul during his imprisonment in Rome is the Prison Epistle to the Philippians. According to the New International Version Holy Bible (1984), Paul had been mobbed in Jerusalem, arrested there, and transferred to Caesarea, and finally, when he requested to the Roman imperial court that a decision or judgment to be changed and appealed as a Roman citizen, he had been removed to Rome for trial. When the Philippians heard this situation, they prepared to stand by him, raised some money for him to use in his trial and sent Epaphroditus, a member of the church in Philippi in Macedonia, to wait on Paul, to devote one’s services to Paul, and to stay with him until his problem were solved. So Epaphroditus went with the gift given by the church and for the purpose of telling Paul about the interest and excitement of the church to know some news about his situation and the result of his trial before the Roman imperial court. Paul took this chance and this occasion to write to the Philippians with three reasons namely: (1) to thank them for their gift and thank them for their fellowship in the gospel, (2) to tell and comfort them about his situation in Rome and about his trial, telling them that the effect of his imprisonment has turned out for the advancement of the gospel, and lastly (3) especially to encourage them and strengthen them in the hope and joy that was theirs in Jesus Christ. He also wrote that he is going to send Timothy soon, that he may know of their condition and send Epaphroditus back to them because Epaphroditus longs for all of them and that he has the feeling of great worry or unhappiness bec ause the church heard that he is ill but God has been so merciful to him. He told them that he is more excited to send Epaphroditus back to them so that they may be glad that Paul might have less worry or fear. The other purpose of the letter was to stop the Judaizers from encouraging the Philippian Christians to submit to circumcision and the last purpose why Paul wrote to them was to encourage the Philippian believers to stop the misunderstanding among them especially the two women involved namely, Euodia and Syntyche that they need to agree with each other as sisters in the Lord or be united. He also asked his faithful partner to help these two women for they have worked hard with him to spread the gospel. The key characteristics of the letter were (1) the Epistle is a letter and not a long and serious piece of writing on a particular job. It is just a simple letter to personal friends which has no theological discussions, no fixed outline and no formal development, (2) it is a l etter of love, Paul’s message has nothing but praise or the Philippians and prayer that their love may be rich, (3) it is a letter of joy, despite being imprisoned, he is still full of joy. After reading the book of Philippians, 20 times that Paul uses the words joy, rejoice, peace, content, and thanksgiving. It is a

Topic Development of an Integrated Marketing Communication Mix Essay

Topic Development of an Integrated Marketing Communication Mix Strategy - Essay Example This report mainly deals how HP would implement its Integrated Marketing Communication mix strategy in Russia and achieve success. HP is well known for its innovation thus applying its innovation strategy HP can lead the Russian IT industry. The report starts with an introduction on IMC, carried on by market and literature review. The research methodology used for this report is primary research; the technique is described broadly in research methodology. The next part is an analysis and discussion on the marketing strategies specifically the IMC strategies that HP should take up in order to build a stand in Russia. The last section of the report states recommendation for HP which would be beneficial for the company when it enters the Russian market. Briefly the report highlights the IMC plan for HP to help it enter the competitive market of Russia. Introduction Integrated marketing communication is an essential tool for the marketers to communicate with their target audience. A mark eting strategy can be defined as a set of conscious decision made by a marketer in order to determine which segment of the society is being offered a particular product, generally the target market and how to penetrate to the chosen target market. The target market can be the existing or the potential customers which the marketer aims to satisfy with its particular product or services (Koekemoer & Bird, 2004, p.1). IMC helps customers in the various stage of buying process as IMC wraps communications around customers which helps it to nurture and develop a good bonding with its customers, a bound of loyalty which protects the marketer from the intense competition. The company chosen for the report is HP an IT giant based in USA. HP is a technology company which has its operation based in 170 countries across the globe. HP has been known for its technology and services and explores on how these technologies can serve customer better and improve ways of addressing its problems and cha llenges so that the company is able to realize their aspiration, possibilities and dreams (HP, 2011). This project aims to develop an effective integrated marketing communication strategy for the company, which is planning to enter the market of Russia. The Russian technologies have grown from simple nothing to a billion dollar industry in less than a two decade (SRAS, 2006). This phenomenal growth has attracted many IT giants and HP one of the leading IT player plans to enter the Russian IT market. Market and Literature Review The concept of IMC has received a considerable coverage, but even though many of its ardent supporters have noted problems in actually translating the concept into reality. According to many survey it has been revealed that a strong commitment exits by both the marketers and advertising agencies (Eagle & Kitchen, n.d). This study will relay on the research information which is mainly gathered from primary and secondary sources which are based on communication theories, integrated marketing communication theory. Introduction IMC is defined as a strategic approach to corporate communication which coordinates the communication made by the companies to present a consistent message to its consumers and public. To address the issue that communication

Deforestation and Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deforestation and Malaria - Essay Example Necessity is the mother of invention. A saying that is proved over the years many times. Each time man was in need of some thing there was a gadget or a service that made his life comfortable. A statement that could strongly challenge the one said above is â€Å"The greed of man for more things has always led to his own destruction.† This desire for luxury has disturbed the chemistry between man and nature. Another important aspect is that of Health. Health happens to be the most important asset for man and that is something which is mostly neglected. These human activities that disturb the balance in nature are in some or the other way responsible for many Health related issues. Formal Definitions: Deforestation and Malaria The phenomena of clearing forests for acquiring land for various purposes like pasture, urban usage or water logged land is known as Deforestation. (Williams M, 2006) Deforestation is the antonym of Reforestation, a practice that increases the forest area. Deforestation has a detrimental effect on the Environment. The clearing of major portions of forest cover had led to a reduced bio-diversity. This activity of removal of forest cover has a direct effect on the environment’s climate and geography. The direct causes for deforestation are livestock herding and forest fires. (Williams, M, 2006) Along with it, a few indirect causes like Edge effect and habitat fragmentation also contribute for deforestation. The rate at which the amount of forest cover (both tropical rain forests and tropical dry forests) is decreasing is quite high. This is an alarming sign and directly points to possible loss of bio-diversity. Harmful effects of deforestation include reduction in amount of water in soil, moisture in atmosphere, land slides, precipitation reduction and flash flooding. (Williams, M, 2006) The only reason for all these effects is the excessive usage of resources by human beings to satisfy their desires. Deforestation on a Global scale Malaria is counted as one of the dreadful diseases as it affects around 300 million people on an average every year and consumes the lives of around 3 million people. (whqlibdoc.who.org, 2005) It is a vector borne disease caused by mosquito biting. It is quite common in tropical and sub tropical regions. A protozoan named plasmodium is responsible for this disease. (Cox F, 2002)The groups of plasmodium parasites that affect human beings are plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariee and Knowles. All these are known as malarial parasites. They are transmitted into human body through female anopheles mosquito. Whenever they bite human beings, this parasite is injected into the body and it eats the red blood cells causing nausea, fever, illness and in severe cases coma and death. Symptoms of this disease include shivering, joint pains, vomiting and fever. (Cox F 2002) The breeding place for mosquitoes is water logging areas. Areas where the temperatur e is quite high and water is stagnated for a long period of time, the spreading of this disease is common. Mosquito repellents and mosquito nets can be used to get protection from this disease.

SERVO MOTOR Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SERVO MOTOR - Lab Report Example One coil is used to pass the DC or AC current through the coils and the other coil just acts to carry the current from the coil. The induced current in the other coil is in different direction and thus the coil moves freely with effect of current. Electric Motors are generally categorized as AC motors and DC motors. AC motors are supplied AC supply; while DC motors are supplied with DC supply. The difference of the power supply produces immense difference in the working principle of the motors, performance of the motors and applications of the motors. DC motors have a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be of permanent magnet or electromagnet. The stator of the motor mostly holds the field coil. The rotor or the motor is supplied DC power through carbon brushes or through commutator. The rotor is fitted with the motor case with the help of ball bearings. On the other hand, it is compulsory to have a field mounted on the stator and winding on the rotor. Some DC motors may have an opposite configuration (Electric Motors - Boundless Open Textbook). The shunt wound series Brushed DC (SWBDC) motor has a parallel field coil with the armature of the motor. The major advantage of the motor is that it operates at constant speed and thus it suits some industrial functions like blower fans, centrifugal pumps, etc (Classification of Electric Motors: Electrical Knowhow). A series Wound Brushed DC (SWDC) motor has a series field coil with the armature of the motor. Such type of motor best suits high torque applications such as elevators, escalators, conveyors, lifts, etc. Compound wound Brushed DC (CWBDC) motors has a field coil in parallel with the armature as well as a field coil in series with the armatures of the motor. It delivers constant speed and maintains high torque. It can be said that compound wound brushed DC motors combines the properties of both the Series wound DC motors and Shunt

Deforestation and Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deforestation and Malaria - Essay Example Necessity is the mother of invention. A saying that is proved over the years many times. Each time man was in need of some thing there was a gadget or a service that made his life comfortable. A statement that could strongly challenge the one said above is â€Å"The greed of man for more things has always led to his own destruction.† This desire for luxury has disturbed the chemistry between man and nature. Another important aspect is that of Health. Health happens to be the most important asset for man and that is something which is mostly neglected. These human activities that disturb the balance in nature are in some or the other way responsible for many Health related issues. Formal Definitions: Deforestation and Malaria The phenomena of clearing forests for acquiring land for various purposes like pasture, urban usage or water logged land is known as Deforestation. (Williams M, 2006) Deforestation is the antonym of Reforestation, a practice that increases the forest area. Deforestation has a detrimental effect on the Environment. The clearing of major portions of forest cover had led to a reduced bio-diversity. This activity of removal of forest cover has a direct effect on the environment’s climate and geography. The direct causes for deforestation are livestock herding and forest fires. (Williams, M, 2006) Along with it, a few indirect causes like Edge effect and habitat fragmentation also contribute for deforestation. The rate at which the amount of forest cover (both tropical rain forests and tropical dry forests) is decreasing is quite high. This is an alarming sign and directly points to possible loss of bio-diversity. Harmful effects of deforestation include reduction in amount of water in soil, moisture in atmosphere, land slides, precipitation reduction and flash flooding. (Williams, M, 2006) The only reason for all these effects is the excessive usage of resources by human beings to satisfy their desires. Deforestation on a Global scale Malaria is counted as one of the dreadful diseases as it affects around 300 million people on an average every year and consumes the lives of around 3 million people. (whqlibdoc.who.org, 2005) It is a vector borne disease caused by mosquito biting. It is quite common in tropical and sub tropical regions. A protozoan named plasmodium is responsible for this disease. (Cox F, 2002)The groups of plasmodium parasites that affect human beings are plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariee and Knowles. All these are known as malarial parasites. They are transmitted into human body through female anopheles mosquito. Whenever they bite human beings, this parasite is injected into the body and it eats the red blood cells causing nausea, fever, illness and in severe cases coma and death. Symptoms of this disease include shivering, joint pains, vomiting and fever. (Cox F 2002) The breeding place for mosquitoes is water logging areas. Areas where the temperatur e is quite high and water is stagnated for a long period of time, the spreading of this disease is common. Mosquito repellents and mosquito nets can be used to get protection from this disease.

A Comparitive Analysis of Women and Men Heart Diesease Leading Factors Dissertation

A Comparitive Analysis of Women and Men Heart Diesease Leading Factors - Dissertation Example While this belief that there are different treatment regimes that should be utilized depending on the gender of the patient remains controversial, it is nonetheless important to understand this problem from the perspective of the female. In considering the issue of cardiac disease among women, existing knowledge of women today regarding heard disease was analyzed, as was their beliefs and attitudes towards the risk of heart disease. This has contributed to the identification of substantial gaps in information related specifically to heart disease and its effect on women in general. These facts are confirmed in this study and outlined in the pages herein. Chapter 1: One’s state of health is most truly a reflection of the individuals ability to meet life’s many challenges head on, all the while maintaining his or her capacity for continuing to function at a high level (World Health Organization, 2010). In considering the effects that ill health has a person’s abili ty to function properly and to live a productive life, it is important various factors and risks that are inherent in society. Consider cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heart disease certainly remains the most common cause of death amongst both women and men in the developed world. This is in spite of the multiple epidemiologic and interventional studies that do demonstrate significant declines in incidences and the prevalence of CVD amongst individuals that adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and who receive treatment for a variety of risk factors (World Health Organization, 2010). Cardiovascular disease is most certainly worthy of in-depth study. The disease itself, in females, claims more lives than cancer, chronic low respiratory diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and accidents combined. This amounts to a staggering one death per minute from CVD, of approximately 422,000 female deaths annually (Roger, Go, & Lloyd-Jones, 2011). This makes heart disease, by far, the number killer of wo men in the United States (American Heart Association, 2011). While it is true that, at the age of 40, men have a 35% great likelihood of suffering from heart disease during the lifetime in comparison to women, the effects of the disease

Developed nations Essay Example for Free

Developed nations Essay Developed nations such as Canada, Japan, Australia and America are emitting the most air pollutants in the world and contribute in much emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. Developed nations use much of the natural resources until a near depletion occurs. Hover there are exceptions in that Germany, Sweden and Norway governments have worked with environment and they have benefited economically due to their environment sustainability (Pickering Owen, 213). Environmental degradation in the third world is exacerbated by international dumping of hazardous wastes and environmental imperialism. Third world countries do not have many choices to choose from and their environment is partly degraded by developed countries. These acts of the developed nations of cleaning their backyard and then transporting their hazardous wastes to the third world countries as well as forbidding the developed countries to develop violates the principles of sustainable environment. First world countries degrade the environment because they consume more of the natural resources (Pickering Owen, 213). Environmental issues of china and Latin America In china there is a growing concern of the ever increasing desertification on the northern and western side of the country. Desertification is being exacerbated by climate change in china and result from excessive industrialization on the fragile ecosystems and poor land management (Rajan, 321). The unrestrained industrialization and development that is taking place throughout the country is making china to be vulnerable to the growing changes of climate due to the increased levels of green house gas emissions in the atmosphere. For example extreme ecological events melting of glaciers and rising temperatures are now common in china besides desertification. These phenomena have detrimental effects on human health and the fragile ecosystems (Rajan, 328). Desertification engulfs the ecosystems with sand and reduces the available arable land thus creates eco- refugees. Shrinking glaciers on the other hand temporary raises the level of after in lakes and river and eventually disappears leaving an acute shortage of water. The economy of china is based mainly on coal for cheap energy and heavy industry that emits high levels of green house gases and thus accelerates global warming and climate change (Rajan, 321). However Chinese government is now using experimental means and artificial precipitation to alleviate the short term effects of the climate change. The government is also adopting stricter energy conservation legislation and increasing international cooperation to help fight the problem of climate change (Rajan, 3330). On the other hand the municipalities of china generate more than a hundred million tones of trash wastes per annum and currently the amount is rapidly rising. The existing land fills in china are reaching their capacity and therefore china will be required to build more land fills to satisfy the ever increasing amount of garbage accumulated. China will also be required to make up the poorly managed land fills (Rajan, 330). The problem of solid waste leakages from poorly managed land fills has rendered many hectares of land around the cities to be useless and therefore it is posing a great land constrains since china supports a big percentage of the world population and has a small percentage of the arable land. China is also facing human health and ecological threats from the Brownfield sites that are stemming from poorly managed landfills and from older landfills that do not have proper lining. There are problems of illegal dumping of industrial and municipal wastes that are exacerbating the situation. The incineration of waste in china is also emitting chemicals such as mercury, furans and dioxins which are harmful to the health of people globally (Rajan, 431). It is difficult to understate the environmental pollution of china on the pacific region of Asia and beyond. The prevailing wind often carries pollutants such as mercury particulate matters and ozone from one continent to another continent and in this case the pollutants are carried from Asia to North America. The overall trend of air pollution in china indicates a growing health and economic threats both within and outside china. The regional impact of air pollution in china has encouraged cooperation and new data on environmental, economic and human health implications of pollution of china on the north eastern side of Asia and western side of United States and Canada calls for global efforts to engage china in these issues (Rajan, 441). The majority of the regional trans-boundary air pollution in china originates from its heavy reliance on coal which constitutes about 70 percent of its global energy mix. Despite efforts to diversify the energy sources in china the country has continued to rely on coal and it seem it will continue to rely on the same for the fore seeable future. The dependence on coal and the lack of scrubbers and coal washing infrastructures at power plants and industrial facilities and its plan to build new coal powered stations translates to wide spread of environmental and health issues in pacific region of Asia and beyond. Car emission in china has replaced coal as the major source of air pollution in urban centers. Currently sixteen out of twenty most polluted sites are in china and therefore the emission will worsens the air quality in china. The current data shows that china has 22 cars per 1000 people compared to United States which has 764 cars per 1000 people however china is on its way of becoming the dominant market for automobiles. Due to WTO reduction the number of vehicle in china are expected to rise from the current 24 million to 100 million by the year 2020. In china there is a car culture that is developing similar to that was witnessed in 1940s in the United States. a prime example is the car driving clubs. There are many obstacles which face the policies for cleaner cars (Rajan, 450). On the other hand current industrial pollution in Latin America is a growing problem. Latin America is predominantly becoming an urban society and its environmental pollution issues are becoming important issues on the political agenda (Diaz West, 73). Mexico, Brazil and Argentina account for about four-fifth of manufacturing production in the region and hence constitute the bulk of industrial pollution in Latin America. Data for air pollution which have been obtained shows that concentrations of pollutant in the major cities are above World health organizations (WHO) guide lines for the air quality standards (Diaz West, 74). However it is only Sao Paulo whose data on air pollution falls within the quality standards provided by world health organization. Another element that is contributing to air pollution in Latin America is emissions from vehicles. There are also problems of water quality both to the regional rivers and coastal waters. For instance most watersheds in Mexico are strongly polluted (Diaz West, 76). The stretches of Paribas do Sul river of Rio de Janeiro and most of its tributaries are badly polluted as it is in Guanabara Bay. Due to lack of monitoring of pollution in Latin America it is difficult to obtain estimates of industrial effluents and emissions. Population growth in urban centers in Latin America has also caused slides deforestation and soil loss for agriculture in the peripheries of the urban centers (Hillstrom Hillstrom, 89).

Aristotles Rhetoric and the Ethics of Modern Advertising Essay

Aristotle's Rhetoric outlines the three main purposes of rhetoric as political, legal, and ceremonial. Persuasion is the main point of all three of the main venues for rhetoric. Rhetoric â€Å"may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion† (Aristotle 22). Rhetoric can also be seen as a primer to explain the methods of persuasion used in modern-day commercials and advertisements. While the classic methods of effecting persuasion are pertinent to our understanding of how different forms of advertising work, there are also a host of modern day techniques that have changed the landscape of rhetoric. Namely, what has changed is three-fold. First, modern-day advertising has a much more visual delivery. Second, traditional oratory is rarely used in modern day commercials. Finally, there is a departure from what Aristotle would say is ethical within the rhetoric of the modern day. Advertising is attempting to sell you somethin g. Unlike in the time of Aristotle, we live in a capitalist society where most rhetorical methodology is designed to produce a specific action from the audience to purchase an item, not simply to win an argument. The duty of oratory has changed from the Aristotelian definition. We can then ask, what can we learn from the rhetorical devices of Aristotle in responding to today's advertisements and commercials? However broad these changes may seem to the modern day audience, it is important to 2 show how the classical methodology of effecting persuasion is relevant today. Aristotle states the three means of effecting persuasion are â€Å" (1) to reason logically, (2) to understand human character and goodness in various forms, and (3) to understand ... ...nd logos are used by ad-writers in an attempt to persuade them, the public can look clearly at the underlying purpose of the advertisement. As Corbett and Connors point out, â€Å"a knowledge of rhetoric can help us to respond critically and appreciatively to advertisements, commercials, political messages, satires, irony, and double-speak of all varieties† (25). A close reading of Rhetoric and other forms of ancient rhetoric can be beneficial to a student who wishes to truly understand how advertising and commercials work. The ability to wade through advertising that only offers a mild truth, or worse yet a lie, has become a great attribute associated with post-modern American thinking. After a careful study of Rhetoric's past, we as Americans may be able to discern truth from propaganda, need instead of want, and fact from fiction.

Male Dominance in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper

Male Dominance in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper "I want to astonish him," (34) says the narrator, referring to her husband, in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, as she writhes behind the patterns of her yellow wallpaper, locked in her room of barred windows, sunken in the lunacy that she cannot evade. This short, ambitious phrase placed squarely on the page beneath stacks of similarly short-winded phrases that string together this diary-style narrative conveys most clearly the narrator's prime audience for her actions: John. He is her husband, her care-taker, the only man in her life, and in spite of the near-reverence that the narrator has for him, it is only in the final pages, when this stunning sentence is uttered, that John's wife endeavors to earn more than John's respect for her. She wants to provoke awe, the sort of "astonishment" that might make him feel as though he were mad, and would, thus, free his wife from beneath his condescending gaze. For the act, or the being-caught-in-the-act, of tearing off the wallpaper, and not the removal of the paper itself, will liberate the narrator most fully. What binds John's wife, what binds the woman reflected back at her behind the wallpaper's troubling patterns, is not so much the physical trappings of the home, but the less visible patriarchal society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In The Short Story: the Reality of Artifice, Charles May cites Bonaro Overstreet's description of twentieth century drama, calling it "the drama of what goes on in the mind" (17). Gilman's story inhabits the dynamic mind of a woman willing to disclose to her readers everything she sees and feels. This first-person confessional, littere... .... Gilman's startling ending comes after nearly six pages of intensification, and it is a most dramatic finale, perhaps the heartiest parody of that Gothic romance mentioned early on. When John faints, revealed to the reader by the narrator's question, for isn't that silly of him, the story to clatters to a most rousing close. She has astonished him, into unconsciousness, toppled him like a tower the way she peeled the paper from the wall. And there, upon the ground, John remains, Gilman's weighty, though squeamish, symbol of male dominance around which the narrator, the woman writer, may now creep, though ultimately, one hopes, stand before and walk with. Works Cited May, Charles. The Short Story: the Reality of Artifice. New York: Twayne Publishers, 2002 edition. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. London: VIRAGO Press, 1988 edition.

Digital Fortress Chapter 19

â€Å"What if someone else is looking for the ring?† Susan asked, suddenly nervous. â€Å"Could David be in danger?† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"Nobody else knows the ring exists. That's why I sent David. I wanted to keep it that way. Curious spooks don't usually tail Spanish teachers.† â€Å"He's a professor,† Susan corrected, immediately regretting the clarification. Every now and again Susan got the feeling David wasn't good enough for the commander, that he thought somehow she could do better than a schoolteacher. â€Å"Commander,† she said, moving on, â€Å"if you briefed David by car phone this morning, someone could have intercepted the-â€Å" â€Å"One-in-a-million shot,† Strathmore interrupted, his tone reassuring. â€Å"Any eavesdropper had to be in the immediate vicinity and know exactly what to listen for.† He put his hand on her shoulder. â€Å"I would never have sent David if I thought it was dangerous.† He smiled. â€Å"Trust me. Any sign of trouble, and I'll send in the pros.† Strathmore's words were punctuated by the sudden sound of someone pounding on the Node 3 glass. Susan and Strathmore turned. Sys-Sec Phil Chartrukian had his face pressed against the pane and was pounding fiercely, straining to see through. Whatever he was excitedly mouthing was not audible through the soundproofed glass. He looked like he'd seen a ghost. â€Å"What the hell is Chartrukian doing here?† Strathmore growled. â€Å"He's not on duty today.† â€Å"Looks like trouble,† Susan said. â€Å"He probably saw the Run-Monitor.† â€Å"Goddamn it!† the commander hissed. â€Å"I specifically called the scheduled Sys-Sec last night and told him not to come in!† Susan was not surprised. Canceling a Sys-Sec duty was irregular, but Strathmore undoubtedly had wanted privacy in the dome. The last thing he needed was some paranoid Sys-Sec blowing the lid off Digital Fortress. â€Å"We better abort TRANSLTR,† Susan said. â€Å"We can reset the Run-Monitor and tell Phil he was seeing things.† Strathmore appeared to consider it, then shook his head. â€Å"Not yet. TRANSLTR is fifteen hours into this attack. I want to run it a full twenty-four-just to be sure.† This made sense to Susan. Digital Fortress was the first ever use of a rotating cleartext function. Maybe Tankado had overlooked something; maybe TRANSLTR would break it after twenty-four hours. Somehow Susan doubted it. â€Å"TRANSLTR keeps running,† Strathmore resolved. â€Å"I need to know for sure this algorithm is untouchable.† Chartrukian continued pounding on the pane. â€Å"Here goes nothing.† Strathmore groaned. â€Å"Back me up.† The commander took a deep breath and then strode to the sliding glass doors. The pressure plate on the floor activated, and the doors hissed open. Chartrukian practically fell into the room. â€Å"Commander, sir. I†¦ I'm sorry to bother you, but the Run-Monitor†¦ I ran a virus probe and-â€Å" â€Å"Phil, Phil, Phil,† the commander gushed pleasantly as he put a reassuring hand on Chartrukian's shoulder. â€Å"Slow down. What seems to be the problem?† From the easygoing tone in Strathmore's voice, nobody would ever have guessed his world was falling in around him. He stepped aside and ushered Chartrukian into the sacred walls of Node 3. The Sys-Sec stepped over the threshold hesitantly, like a well-trained dog that knew better. From the puzzled look on Chartrukian's face, it was obvious he'd never seen the inside of this place. Whatever had been the source of his panic was momentarily forgotten. He surveyed the plush interior, the line of private terminals, the couches, the bookshelves, the soft lighting. When his gaze fell on the reigning queen of Crypto, Susan Fletcher, he quickly looked away. Susan intimidated the hell out of him. Her mind worked on a different plane. She was unsettlingly beautiful, and his words always seemed to get jumbled around her. Susan's unassuming air made it even worse. â€Å"What seems to be the problem, Phil?† Strathmore said, opening the refrigerator. â€Å"Drink?† â€Å"No, ah-no, thank you, sir.† He seemed tongue-tied, not sure he was truly welcome. â€Å"Sir†¦ I think there's a problem with TRANSLTR.† Strathmore closed the refrigerator and looked at Chartrukian casually. â€Å"You mean the Run-Monitor?† Chartrukian looked shocked. â€Å"You mean you've seen it?† â€Å"Sure. It's running at about sixteen hours, if I'm not mistaken.† Chartrukian seemed puzzled. â€Å"Yes, sir, sixteen hours. But that's not all, sir. I ran a virus probe, and it's turning up some pretty strange stuff.† â€Å"Really?† Strathmore seemed unconcerned. â€Å"What kind of stuff?† Susan watched, impressed with the commander's performance. Chartrukian stumbled on. â€Å"TRANSLTR's processing something very advanced. The filters have never seen anything like it. I'm afraid TRANSLTR may have some sort of virus.† â€Å"A virus?† Strathmore chuckled with just a hint of condescension. â€Å"Phil, I appreciate your concern, I really do. But Ms. Fletcher and I are running a new diagnostic, some very advanced stuff. I would have alerted you to it, but I wasn't aware you were on duty today.† The Sys-Sec did his best to cover gracefully. â€Å"I switched with the new guy. I took his weekend shift.† Strathmore's eyes narrowed. â€Å"That's odd. I spoke to him last night. I told him not to come in. He said nothing about switching shifts.† Chartrukian felt a knot rise in his throat. There was a tense silence. â€Å"Well.† Strathmore finally sighed. â€Å"Sounds like an unfortunate mix-up.† He put a hand on the Sys-Sec's shoulder and led him toward the door. â€Å"The good news is you don't have to stay. Ms. Fletcher and I will be here all day. We'll hold the fort. You just enjoy your weekend.† Chartrukian was hesitant. â€Å"Commander, I really think we should check the-â€Å" â€Å"Phil,† Strathmore repeated a little more sternly, â€Å"TRANSLTR is fine. If your probe saw something strange, it's because we put it there. Now if you don't mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Strathmore trailed off, and the Sys-Sec understood. His time was up. â€Å"A diagnostic, my ass!† Chartrukian muttered as he fumed back into the Sys-Sec lab. â€Å"What kind of looping function keeps three million processors busy for sixteen hours?† Chartrukian wondered if he should call the Sys-Sec supervisor. Goddamn cryptographers, he thought. They just don't understand security! The oath Chartrukian had taken when he joined Sys-Sec began running through his head. He had sworn to use his expertise, training, and instinct to protect the NSA's multibillion-dollar investment. â€Å"Instinct,† he said defiantly. It doesn't take a psychic to know this isn't any goddamn diagnostic! Defiantly, Chartrukian strode over to the terminal and fired up TRANSLTR's complete array of system assessment software. â€Å"Your baby's in trouble, Commander,† he grumbled. â€Å"You don't trust instinct? I'll get you proof!†