How Honorifics Are Used in English

An honorific is a conventional word, title, or grammatical form that signals respect, politeness, or social deference. Also known as a  courtesy title or an address term. The most common forms of honorifics (sometimes called  referent honorifics) are honorary titles used  before names  in salutations—for example, Mr. Spock,  Princess Leia, Professor X. In comparison to languages such as Japanese and Korean, English doesnt have an especially rich system of honorifics. Commonly used honorifics  in English include Mr., Mrs., Ms., Captain, Coach, Professor, Reverend  (to a member of the clergy),  and  Your Honor  (to a judge), among others. (The abbreviations Mr., Mrs., and Ms. usually end in a period in American English  but not in British English—Mr, Mrs, and Ms.) Examples and Observations Mrs. Lancaster, you are an impressively punctual person, Augustus said as he sat down next to me.(John Green, The Fault in Our Stars. Dutton, 2012)The Reverend Bond walked up to the horse, smiling up at Benton.Afternoon, Reverend, Benton said to him.Good afternoon, Mister Benton, Bond answered. My apologies for stopping you. I just wanted to find out how things went yesterday.(Richard Matheson, The Gun Fight. M. Evans, 1993)Princess Dala:  The Pink Panther is in my safe, at . . ..Inspector Jacques Clouseau: Your Highness, please. Dont say it, not here.(Claudia Cardinale and Peter Sellers in The Pink Panther, 1963)The New York Times waited until 1986 to announce that it would embrace the use of Ms. as an honorific alongside Miss and Mrs.(Ben Zimmer, Ms. The New York Times, Oct. 23, 2009)John Bercow, Speaker, Britains First Commoner (thats an honorific for the class conscious of you out there), was greeting and welcoming his new intake in Portcullis House. He is master of this domain .(Simon Carr, My Ill-Tempered Encounter With the Speaker. The Independent, May 12, 2010)The Honorifics Maam and Sir in the U.S. and Britain-The use of maam and sir is  much more common in the South than elsewhere in the United States, where calling adults maam and sir can be taken as being disrespectful or cheeky. In the South, the terms convey just the opposite. Johnson (2008) reported that when two English 101 classes  at a university in South Carolina were surveyed, data showed that Southern English speakers used maam and sir for three reasons: to address someone older or in an authority position, to show respect, or to maintain or reestablish good relations with someone. Maam and sir are also frequently used by Southerners in customer service, such as restaurant servers.(Anne H. Charity Hudley and Christine Mallinson, Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools.  Teachers College Press, 2011)Now you must understand  that in the British Isles, the  honorifi c Sir  is very widely used to bestow a  knighthood  on any citizen who performs exceptionally well in public life. A leading jockey can become a Sir. A leading actor. Famous cricket players. Queen Elizabeth has awarded the title in honorary form to [U.S. presidents] Reagan and Bush.(James A. Michener,  Recessional. Random House, 1994)H.L. Mencken on HonorificsAmong the honorifics in everyday use in England and the United States, one finds many notable divergences between the two languages. On the one hand the English are almost as diligent as the Germans in bestowing titles of honor upon their men of mark, and on the other hand, they are very careful to withhold such titles from men who do not legally bear them. In America, every practitioner of any branch of the healing art, even a chiropodist or an osteopath, is a doctor ipso facto, but in England, a good many surgeons lack the title and it is not common in the lesser ranks. . . .In all save a few large cities of America e very male pedagogue is a professor, and so is every band leader, dancing master, and medical consultant. But in England, the title is very rigidly restricted to men who hold chairs in the universities, a necessarily small body.(H.L. Mencken, The American Language, 1921)T-V DistinctionIn many languages . . . the second person plural pronoun of address doubles as an honorific form to singular respected or distant alters. Such usages are called T/V systems, after the French tu and vous (see Brown and Gilman 1960). In such languages, the use of a T (singular non-honorific pronoun) to a non-familiar alter can claim solidarity.Other address forms used to convey such in-group membership include generic names and terms of address like Mac, mate, buddy, pal, honey, dear, duckie, luv, babe, Mom, blondie, brother, sister, cutie, sweetheart, guys, fellas.(Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, 1987) Pronunciation: ah-ne-RI-fik

Effective Communication When Working Closely With Others

This essay focuses on effective communication when working closely with others in a health and social care setting. Firstly, the essay identifies the importance of effective communication, when working closely with others, and the different forms of communication. Secondly, it explains the factors that affect communication with health and social care service users, and how to overcome these factors. Last of all, influences on cultural responsibilities will be discussed, as well as the importance of maintaining confidentiality. Communication can be defined in a simple way, but when thinking about how we use communication, the definition becomes more complex. Bryan (2009, p.1), defined communication as, ‘communication is at the core of all social interaction and is listed by the World Health Organisation, as one of the ten core life skills.’ Within the healthcare setting, effective communication is the key to a good service. Effective communication focuses on a person’s ability to hear, see and receive messages. This because within a healthcare setting, there are many types of barriers that can effect communication between two people. The importance of communication within a healthcare setting is, that not only would you gain experience, but you will be able to communicate with patients effectively on a day to day basis. However, there can barriers that can affect the communication, between both patient and professional. The barriers may affect the patient, such as how theShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Continuous Professional Development1639 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve them. 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Ethical Dilemma for Confidentiality and Security -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Dilemma for Confidentiality and Security. Answer: Ethics are moral principles or systematic concepts governing right or wrong conduct. These principles govern how a person behaves when conducting certain activities. The definition of ethics is wide depending on the particular field of interest, it could also mean moral codes or moral values, thus, distinguishing between good and evil, virtuous and non-virtuous. In a hospital context, ethical problems always arise making it difficult to distinguish if a decision is ethically right or not which most of the time is informed by someones religious and social cultural background (Klvemark et al., 2004). In this paper, we will be focusing on the dilemma that medical practitioners face when providing information to carers bearing in mind the patient/client confidentiality concerns and ethical implications. There are three concepts that have been used interchangeably in the medical fraternity, these are, confidentiality, ethics and security. Although, they all have different meanings entirely but they are linked together with the same goal. Confidentiality is the most commonly used concept and it refers to the obligations that medical practitioners who access patients records to hold this information in confidence. This obligation is supported by the code of ethics, principle I, which stipulates that individual right to privacy and confidentiality must be upheld and defended at all times. The dilemma that medical practitioners face when they feel that they ought to inform other affected parties about their patients medical records are dire both to the practitioner and the hospital. Even though it might feel like its the ethical thing to do, other factors have to be considered before breaking the patient/client confidentiality obligation (Seitz O'neill, 1996). Whether an issue is right or wrong, medical practitioners must always endeavor to honor the confidential relationship they have with their patients. Ethical dilemmas arises when an individuals moral principles overrides patients right to privacy and the patient/client confidentiality. Information in medical records is considered to be highly sensitive and private, thus, it should never be disclosed unless the patient consents (Smythe Murray, 2000). Several circumstances however, will allow the doctor to share personal medical records without express permission from the patient. This could only occur if the patients is in need of help, if the government requires the information and also, if the patient makes his/her health an issue in court (Lo, 2012). In conclusion, extensive ethical education is a good starting point to avoid ethical dilemma cases in hospitals. It is also imperative to sanction unethical behaviors in hospitals so as to reduce ethical dilemmas. Although it is a contentious issue, with a good ethical education background and strict adherence to ethical requirements in hospitals it will cease to be a problem to many medical practitioners. References Klvemark, S., Hglund, A. T., Hansson, M. G., Westerholm, P., Arnetz, B. (2004). Living with conflicts-ethical dilemmas and moral distress in the health care system.Social science medicine,58(6), 1075-1084. Lo, B. (2012).Resolving ethical dilemmas: a guide for clinicians. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Seitz, J., O'neill, P. (1996). Ethical decision-making and the code of ethics of the Canadian Psychological Association.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,37(1), 23. Smythe, W. E., Murray, M. J. (2000). Owning the story: Ethical considerations in narrative research.Ethics Behavior,10(4), 311-336.

When Is It Ok to Break Confidentiality free essay sample

Confidentiality is central to trust between doctors, medical team and patients. Patients have a right to expect that information about them will be held in confidence. The birth of the Hippocratic Oath in the fourth century started the responsibility of physicians to preserve the privacy and confidentiality of their patients. One of the provisions of the Oath lays the ethical foundation for the physician’s duty of confidentiality even beyond the circumstances of medical care. The Florence Nightingale Pledge, which was composed in 1893, was a modification of the â€Å"Hippocratic Oath,† a statement of the ethics and principles of the nursing profession. Included in the pledge is to hold in confidence all personal matters. Today we have the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which was passed by Congress in 1996. One of the regulations requires protection and confidential handling of protected health information. We also have the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) who takes an active role against potential violations in patient confidentiality (Oram M. We will write a custom essay sample on When Is It Ok to Break Confidentiality? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 2008). This paper will consider the ethical implication of a breach of confidentiality with ethical principles. An alternative will be to address the dilemma in a clinical setting. Lastly, the author will address how an ethics committee might approach the dilemma using ethical principles, theories, and a team effort to ethical decision-making. Respecting and protecting our patients medical, personal and private information is a great responsibility. At times it can be very challenging and there are times in healthcare where specific issues are encountered and personal and private information must be shared. It is the position of this author that preserving confidentiality is of the up most importance. Confidentiality is defined as preserving the privacy of the persons that you are caring for. This would include all information verbal or from the patients medical records to be used by the medical team to care for the patient (Oram M. 2008). It is important to retain trust in the nurse patient relationship and maintain confidentiality unless disclosure can be justified. The personal Nightingale Pledge taken upon graduation supports this author’s belief. The Nursing Code of Ethics also guides this author, which states the importance of nurses upholding their duty to maintain patient information in confidence regardless of who they are (American Nurses Association, 2013). This author also adheres to the HIPAA laws and JCAHO. Confidentiality is at the heart of the code of ethics for healthcare. Dealing with confidentiality can be very confusing at times, like in the example of the NBC ER episode 2000, called â€Å"Betraying Trust or Providing Good Care. † The healthcare professional at any given time may have to ask themselves to breach confidentiality or not to breach? Another question that the healthcare professional may ask is do I provide good care or betray my patient and their trust? The good new is there are ethical codes to guide and help the health care professional. In the ER episode the nurse Hathaway was faced with an ethical dilemma of breaking confidentiality or keep her fidelity. Hathaway had promised to help a 14-year-old patient, Andrea, and swore confidentiality in order to gain the girl’s trust. Sadly, Andrea was diagnosed with Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease which led to cervical cancer. Andrea was also involved in risky sexual behavior with classmates. However, if Hathaway contacts the parents or speaks to the school officials this decision would come at a cost of betraying her patient—a breach of confidentiality. To keep the promise to Andrea was concerning because Andrea would need the consent from her parents for medical treatment for the cervical cancer because she was under age. Hathaway’s concern is that Andrea gets the medical care she needs. There also was the concern for Andrea’s classmates who should be screened for HPV or other sexual transmitted disease. As already stated, it is vital that healthcare workers keep their patents confidentiality, although there are those times when the healthcare team will come to the conclusion that they need to breach their patients confidentiality. According to the American Medical Association (AMA, 2013) and the ethical principles of fidelity, veracity and autonomy nurses or physicians should let the patient know about the restrictions of confidentiality protection and after disclosure have them sign a release record form to authorize the disclosure of the information given (AMA, 2013)). There are circumstances when keeping your patients confidentiality might cause more harm then revealing the information (Edwards, 2008). Such is the case in the ER episode where it was explained to Andrea why her parents and authorities had to know what was going on. There would be more harm done to patient and classmates if her secret was kept. Hathaway has the obligation to tell Andrea’s parents of her health condition and break confidentiality. Hathaway should first encourage Andrea to tell her parents herself and if she is unable or refuses then Hathaway needs to step in and tell the parents. The author believes that breaching confidentiality and telling Andrea’s parents was the right thing to do. It could be said that Hathaway did breach confidentiality when giving the information about Andrea and the â€Å"sex parties† to the school authorities. The information could have been shared with no names mentioned. There was no benefit to Andrea but harm because after she found out that the school knew she tried to commit suicide. When the medical team or individual is faced with an ethical dilemma there is an ethical committee that can be consulted. The committee is a group of people who will collaborate and are specially qualified and trained in laws and theories. The members will have diversified outlook about the dilemma based on ethical principles, beliefs and values. Utilizing the ethical committee will help guide the medical team to the right action. However, the ethical committee is not always authoritative but should be used as a guide. Hathaway should have notified the ethics committee before notifying the school. Most likely Hathaway would not know the legalities about which diseases are reportable. Had Hathaway checked and learned that HPV need not be reported, it would have saved Andrea a lot of pain and emotional trauma. It is the author’s belief that no names should have been mentioned when talking to the school. Confidentiality is at the heart of the code of ethics for healthcare. Dealing with confidentiality can be very confusing at times. Reviewing the episode of ER helps to examine the ethical dilemma with breach of confidentiality. It is important as a nurse to have knowledge about ethical principles and theories so as to know if you are breaching confidentiality or not. A nurse also must be aware of who she can go to talk to about ethical dilemmas. While this will be an ongoing challenge during a nurse’s career, it is important that she is aware of both the importance of confidentiality and to whom she can rely on in a ethically difficult situation. References American Medical Association. Confidentiality. Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physicians-relationship-topics/patient-confidentiality. page Edwards, K. A. (2008). Confidentiality. Ethical in Medicine: University of Washington School of Medicine. Retrieved from http://depts. washington. edu/bioethx/topics/confiden. html Oram M. 2008. Maintaining Confidentiality Course 117. Retrieved from www. jcaho. org/confidentiallyHerb

How to Write a Descriptive Essay on the Enneagram Personality Types

How to Write a Descriptive Essay on the Enneagram Personality Types Descriptive writing is a unique form of creative writing whereby you describe an object, emotion, situation, person, etc†¦ You are forced to create a written account of something by way of artistic freedom. When writing a descriptive essay on the Enneagram personality types, you want to describe your topic in such clear a fashion that the reader walks away with a clearly formed impression in their mind which matches the one in yours. Writing should function as a focused expression of your studies and your thoughts. As your writing skills are honed, your perceptions and your critical analyses and creative skills will improve too. Writing in this sense is essentially the development of your ideas. Your objective here is to convince your reader that you have sufficiently supported the concept you developed. You must maintain tight organization and sufficient control over your writing. To do this, you need to have a central idea which is your thesis, with several paragraphs which grow systematically from this thesis in support of it, and all of the information you include needs to contribute the understanding the reader has of your thesis. In order words: Your essay needs to cover the topic you are writing on. Your essay needs to have a central idea which governs the development of the work, which is stated in the thesis. Your essay must be so well organized that every part of it contributes something new to the understanding the reader has of your central idea. Now, for the descriptive essay, you have a bit more flexibility as to the flow or organization of your work, but it should nonetheless serve some purpose for the reader. You want to ensure that your descriptions are each categorized in a separate paragraph with proper transitions in between them so that the reader can easily move from one area of your work to the next. When you are writing, it is important to consider the reader of your essay. You want to take into consideration who it is you are writing for beyond just your professor. Sure, you want to get a good grade from them, but you might also share this piece of writing with other classmates or friends. Your classmates, for example, may not have the same input as you did on the same piece of work. You could write on the same topic, or a similar one, but you might each take something different from the work and in that you can share with one another your thoughts (check out the topics on personality types prepared for you). You should remember that as you make references to different works or sources, you should tell the audience something they do not already know in lieu of just regurgitating a plot summary or a biography and telling them things they already know (the article about facts may help you to gather information or find the right references for your paper). So remember that even if your entire class has been asked to describe the same topic, you have a great deal of flexibility within that and can let your creativity fly.

Word Order in English Sentences

Word Order in English Sentences Word order  refers to the conventional arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence. Compared with many other languages, word order in English is fairly rigid. In particular, the order of subject, verb, and object is relatively inflexible. Examples and Observations I cant see the point of Mozart. Of Mozart I cant see the point. The point of Mozart I cant see. See I cant of Mozart the point. Cant I of Mozart point the see . . . I cant see the point of Mozart.  (Sebastian Faulks, Engleby. Doubleday, 2007)[A] characteristic of modern English, as of other modern languages, is the use of word-order as a means of grammatical expression. If in an English sentence, such as The wolf ate the lamb, we transpose the positions of the nouns, we entirely change the meaning of the sentence; the subject and object are not denoted by any terminations to the words, as they would be in Greek or Latin or in modern German, but by their position before or after the verb.(Logan Pearsall Smith, The English Language, 1912) Basic Word Order in Modern English Assume you wanted to say that a chicken crossed the road in Modern English. And assume you are interested only in stating the factsno questions asked, no commands, and no passive. You wouldnt have much of a choice, would you? The most natural way of stating the message would be as in (18a), with the subject (in caps) preceding the verb (in boldface) which, in turn, precedes the object (in italics). For some speakers (18b) would be acceptable, too, but clearly more marked, with particular emphasis on the road. Many other speakers would prefer to express such an emphasis by saying something like Its the road that the chicken crossed, or they would use a passive The road was crossed by the chicken. Other permutations of (18a) would be entirely unacceptable, such as (18c)-(18f). (18a) THE CHICKEN crossed the road[Basic, unmarked order](18b) the road THE CHICKEN crossed[Marked order; the road is in relief](18c) THE CHICKEN the road crossed*(18d) the road crossed THE CHICKEN*[But note constructions like: Out of the cave came A TIGER.](18e) crossed the road THE CHICKEN*(18f) crossed THE CHICKEN the road* In this respect, Modern English differs markedly from the majority of the early Indo-European languages, as well as from Old English, especially the very archaic stage of Old English found in the famous epic Beowulf. In these languages, any of the six different orders in (18) would be acceptable . . ..(Hans Henrich Hock and Brian D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) Word Order in Old English, Middle English, and Modern English Certainly, word order is critical in Modern English. Recall the famous example: The dog bit the man. This utterance means something totally different from The man bit the dog. In Old English, word endings conveyed which creature is doing the biting and which is being bitten, so there was built-in flexibility for word order. Inflection telling us dog-subject bites man-object allows words to be switched around without confusion: man-object bites dog-subject. Alerted that the man is the object of the verb, we can hold him in mind as the recipient of a bite made by a subject we know will be revealed next: dog.By the time English evolved into Middle English, loss of inflection meant that nouns no longer contained much grammatical information. On its own, the word man could be a subject or an object, or even an indirect object (as in The dog fetched the man a bone). To compensate for this loss of information that inflection has provided, word order became critically important. If the man a ppears after the verb bite, we know hes not the one doing the biting: The dog bit the man. Indeed, having lost so much inflection, Modern English relies heavily on word order to convey grammatical information. And it doesnt much like having its conventional word order upset.  (Leslie Dunton-Downer, The English Is Coming!: How One Language Is Sweeping the World. Simon Schuster, 2010) Adverbials One way to find out whether a sentence part is a subject or not is to make the sentence into a  question. The subject will appear after the first verb: He told me to add one tablespoon of honey per pound of fruit.Did he tell me . . .?We spread a thin layer of fruit on each plate.Did we spread . . .? The only constituent that may occur in many different places is an adverbial. Especially one-word adverbials like not, always, and often may occur almost anywhere in the sentence. In order to see if a sentence part is an adverbial or not, see if it is possible to move it in the sentence.(Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter, English Sentence Analysis: An Introductory Course. John Benjamins, 2000) The Lighter Side of Word Order in Monty Pythons Flying Circus Burrows: Good doctor morning! Nice year for the time of day!Dr. Thripshaw: Come in.Burrows: Can I down sit?​Dr. Thripshaw: Certainly. Well, then?Burrows: Well, now, not going to bush the doctor about the beat too long. Im going to come to point the straight immediately.Dr. Thripshaw: Good, good.Burrows: My particular prob, or buglem bear, Ive had ages. For years, Ive had it for donkeys.Dr. Thripshaw: What?Burrows: Im up to here with it, Im sick to death. I cant take you any longer so Ive come to see it.Dr. Thripshaw: Ah, now this is your problem with words.​Burrows: This is my problem with words. Oh, that seems to have cleared it. Oh I come from Alabama with my banjo on my knee. Yes, that seems to be all right. Thank you very much.​Dr. Thripshaw: I see. But recently you have been having this problem with your word order.Burrows: Well, absolutely, and what makes it worse, sometimes at the end of a sentence Ill come out with the wrong fusebox.Dr. Thripshaw: Fusebox ?Burrows: And the thing about saying the wrong word is a) I dont notice it, and b) sometimes orange water given bucket of plaster. (Michael Palin and John Cleese in episode 36 of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1972)

Management principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management principles - Essay Example Our company will strive hard to develop itself as a foremost local fast food brand in the market. We plan to offer the most enchanting services to our customers when they visit our outlet or surf through our website. What we endeavor to deliver, is satisfaction and quality, so that we can establish mutual trust with our customers. Paramount Fast Food Services will sell quality products such as fries, hamburgers, pizzas, hot dogs, sandwiches, ice creams and soft drinks. At our restaurant, customers will enjoy the proactive support of our people. The restaurant will be designed in a manner to deliver the most relaxed atmosphere to customers. Paramount Fast Food Services restaurant will range from 80 – 100 meter square and will seat from  35-40 guests. The restaurant will remain open all through the week from 8 in the morning to midnight. We will set up the most comfortable furniture in the restaurant along with the installation of air conditioners and heaters. We will also ensure that our brochures and posters are well distributed in all the parts of the city in order to reach out to our customers. Our restaurant will be adorned with the posters and photographs that highlight our products. In addition to that, we will also be installing a television at the restaurant so that customers can enjoy the foo d while watching their favourite soccer or cricket match. We will be making special arrangements for the children by allocating a separate play area for them where they can enjoy a variety of games. Thus, the atmosphere will be such that gratifies all our customers. Moreover, take away system is also an essential part of our restaurant and it will be one of our priorities to ensure smooth progress of it. Our restaurant will be located in the heart of London near the Oval Cricket Stadium. This location is quite popular in London as people of all ages often come to watch matches during the cricket season. This area is also populated with

Curriculum Foundations and Theory, Design, Development, and Essay

Curriculum Foundations and Theory, Design, Development, and Implementation - Essay Example tween instruction and curriculum is important in the design of any curriculum (Mooney & Mausbach, 2008).This paper will analyze the process of curriculum development and various educational philosophies that associate with it. The paper will also highlight the educational philosophy in the school that makes it stand out from the rest. Curriculum development and design borrows the analogy behind building strong buildings. A house will stand the tests of time only if the foundation thereof is strong. Similarly, improved school performance will occur when there is a proper ground on education and curriculum. There are two main approaches to curriculum development. The first method involves coming up with a sound and clear standards that merge with appropriate school assessments. Lack of well-defined curriculum impedes schools performance and results to a curriculum chaos. Next is the training of professional school personnel. Teachers need to undergo training that will enable them to meet periodically and review the curriculum and assessments (Mooney & Mausbach, 2008). Teachers have a high responsibility in continuous revision of curriculum that majors on instructions. Due attention must be placed on the â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of the curriculum. Learn then Do is one important fundamental concept to curriculum development. Highly qualified professionals should oversee the development process of the curriculum. Proper strategies need to be in place to allow smooth curriculum development between the various stakeholders in curriculum development (Mooney & Mausbach, 2008). The love of wisdom is philosophy. Philosophy is instrumental in that it helps teachers to focus and reflect on the major educational concepts. The study of philosophy triggers questions such as what is to be educated, what knowledge is and the nature of learning to take place. Philosophical education deals with beliefs about what, why and how you teach and the mode of training. It acts as a

Maria Calais as a Diva Essay Example for Free

Maria Calais as a Diva Essay To enable us to comment on Maria Callas as an operatic diva, it is first necessary to ascertain whether she possess all the stated attributes usually associated with the term. The conductor Sir Charles Mackerras believes there must be an ‘aura’, but ‘there also has to be something unusual as well as competent about a diva, something compelling about her personality’ (reference). This was certainly true of Maria Meneghini Callas. The opening paragraph of the newspaper review describes her gifts as ‘peculiar ones, not exactly comparable to those of any other singer’ (reference). Winthrop Sargent even goes so far as to comment on it’s ‘reediness and it’s tendency to wobble slightly’ (reference). But far from detracting from her overall performance, he says she uses it to demonstrate a ‘fiery conveyance for female passion’ (reference). This is because it is the overall performance that made Ms Callas such a memorable performer. It is the ‘total dramatic projection’ that exemplified her on stage performances. She does indeed manage ‘to make the character and her situation seem real’ (reference p.177). This is especially prevelant when she is singing in the recorded piece. Of course it is very difficult to comment on this full range of theatrical abilities when only reviewing a newspaper arcticle and an audio recording; particularly when the review is not of the actual recorded piece. Missing is the visual aspect of Ms Callas performance, which was enthused over as being ‘as extraordinarily perceptive and gripping even by the standards of the legitimate stage’. (reference) There are, however, very few visual recordings of the opera from this time, so we have to reply on often heavily edited vocal recordings and articles such as these, written for popular consumption, towards the end of her career. But despite these, by modern standards, media restrictions, the newspaper article does help to put Ms Callas singing qualities into context and perspective. She is obviously a more than competent singer, her unique voice is not ‘dime a dozen’ (reference) for the review describes it as ‘impeccable’ (reference). The article can also be seen as conferring on her the ‘something compelling’ element of Sir Charles’ description. Her interpretation is reported as being a ‘highly personal interpretation’ which was an ‘electrifying fusion of music, theatre and personality that opera goers are only occasionally privileged to witness’. (reference). So the combinations of the singing talents, her acting ability and her sheer personality on stage all combine to make Maria Callas a genuine operatic diva.

Cesare Lombroso :: criminology

Cesare Lombroso was an Italian university professor and criminologist, born in Nov. 6, 1835, in Verona, who became worldwide renowned for his studies and theories in the field of characterology, or the relation between mental and physical characteristics. Lombroso tried to relate certain physical characteristics, such as jaw size, to criminal psychopathology, or the innate tendency of individuals toward sociopathy and criminal behavior. As such, Lombroso's approach is a direct descendant of phrenology, created by the German physician Franz Joseph Gall in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and closely related to other fields of characterology, such as craniology and physiognomy. His theory has been scientically discredited, but Lombroso had the merit of bringing up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind, a field which became known as criminal anthropology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and was later (1862-1876) a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pavia and of forensic medicine and hygiene (1876), psychiatry (1896) and criminal anthropology (1906) at the University of Turin. He was also the director of a mental asylum in Pesaro, Italy. Lombroso's main idea was partly inspired by the evolutionary and genetical studies at the end of the nineteenth century, and proposed that certain criminals had physical evidence of an "atavistic" (reappearance of characteristics which were present only in distant ascendants) or hereditary sort, reminiscent of earlier, more primitive stages of human evolution. These anomalies, named as stigmata by Lombroso, could be expressed in terms of abnormal forms or dimensions of the skull and jaw, assymmetries in the face, etc, but also of other parts of the body. These associations were later shown to be highly inconsistent or plainly inexistent, and theories based on the environmental causation of criminality became dominant.

Malachi Stacks in the Matchmaker Essay

In the world of business there are always those men and women who are not recognized for the contributions they make to certain products, projects, or works even though without them the result would never exist. Nonetheless, these people go on with their daily lives working hard, knowing that all their dedication is going to benefit others and not them. Yet, they can’t blame the big companies for not being recognized, because these men and women do this willingly. They are fully aware that their actions serve a purpose to the greater rather than a personal one, and for them that is enough. Such people do not need the recognition of others because they themselves know the importance of their actions. One example of such a human being is portrayed in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. His name is Malachi Stacks, and though he only shows up on stage two or three times, he is the one who gives the entire production meaning. Malachi is the person who sets into motion a series of events that completely change not only the characters, but also their lives. With this character, Thornton Wilder takes what used to be just a regular farce comedy and gives it meaning which makes all the difference, Malachi Stacks makes all the difference. Thornton carefully crafted the role of Stacks in such a way that made him distinct from the rest of the characters. Even with being in his fifties, sadness and depression are entirely absent from his life. Every line spoken by him has a joyful feeling to, and almost puts a smile on the reader’s face. Even at times when he is being put down by Mr. Vandergelder, joy is felt in his words. Wilder makes Malachi seem like a little adolescent, who has not yet been exposed to reality, and still thinks the world is perfect. However, all this is just an image that Malachi establishes for his own purposes. He makes people believe he can be trusted by pretending to be respectful and following orders. Malachi creates a relationship between himself and the others, especially Mr. Vandergelder, which makes him seem gullible and easy to control when in fact it is he who controls them. This sort of maneuver is portrayed very well in his first scene with Mr. Vandergelder, in which he says â€Å"You’ll never regret it, Mr. Vandergelder. You’ll never regret it.† It is such a simple line, and yet there is so much there. Malachi makes it seem like he is just another man who is happy about getting a job, when in reality he is masking his true intentions behind these innocent words. The real reason Malachi is happy to have gotten the job, is because he now has the ability to fix the inequality which exists between Vandergelder and the others. Truth be told, Malachi is actually the only individual who see this flaw amongst the characters, and he knows it should not be there. Therefore, by formulating this sort of innocent personality, Malachi Stacks gives himself the perfect opportunity to finally bring equality into the lives of the characters. It all happens in Act III when Mr. Vandelgelder is having his coat taken off as his purse filled with money falls to the ground. Malachi, knowing that the primary reason for such inequality amongst the characters is their financial situations, takes his chance to balance the scale. However, he does not make a big deal out of it. Malachi simply takes the purse, asks Vandelgelder if it’s his, and since the response is no he gives it to Cornelius. It’s very quick, subtle, and seems like the right thing to do. Yet, even though what he did was so simple, it was enough to bring equality into their lives and he knew that. By asking Vandergelder whether or not the purse was his, Malachi tested him to check if he deserves the money. For in his short little monologue that he has right after picking up the purse, Mr. Stacks says â€Å"The law is there to protect property, but- sure the law doesn’t care whether a property owner deserves his property or not, and the law has to be corrected†. Therefore when he asked Vandelgelder â€Å"Did you drop something† the real question was â€Å"Are you worthy of all this money that you have†. Vandelgelder responding quickly said no, and that was enough for Malachi to know that the money deserved to be in the hands of someone else, Cornelius. It is also at this point that inequality begins to slowly disappear between the characters. First, Cornelius and Barnaby are able to pay for their expensive dinner and truly impress Mrs. Malloy along with Minnie. Then Mrs. Levi finally tells Mr. Vandergelder what she thinks of him when he cannot pay the bill, and that is when he finally realizes what kind of man he is. Slowly through scenes like these, the balance between the characters begins to even out and by the end, everyone is happy, joyful, and most of all the inequality amongst them completely vanishes all thanks to Malachi Stacks. Though Thornton chose Malachi to be the tool for equilibrium amongst the characters by having him â€Å"redistribute the superfluities†, the part also is important when it comes to the moral of the story. Of course, after reading The Matchmaker it safe to say that there are multiple lessons to be learned from this play, but one of the main ones shows up in Malachi’s monologue. Right after discussing the entire matter of redistributing property, Thornton has the character talk about how one man should not have more than one vice. In fact, he ends his line with the words â€Å"One vice at a time†. Now this entire concept might seem abstract, because after all even in today’s world vices are looked down upon. However, Thornton shows what two vices can do to a man by having Malachi use Vandergelder’s wrongs against him. His first true frailty is that in his own world Mr. Vandergelder sees himself a king, where no one can stop him because he has so much money. The second is his passion for money. In fact, his first vice comes from this one, because to him a person who has more money has more authority. So instead of merely having Vandergelder destroy himself through his vices, Thornton uses Malachi to show how having more than one vice is recipe for destruction. First, he uses Vandergelder’s attitude towards himself to gain his trust, by pretending to be loyal to him. Next, once Vandergelder thinks he has him under his control, Malachi uses the second frailty against him taking that which is most precious, his money, and giving it away. By using both of these flaws in his master’s character, Mr. Stacks brings Vandergelder into a state of despair where he has lost everything that made him, a King in his own mind. One man. Three Scenes. Yet without him, The Matchmaker would never be the same. Thornton Wilder made a smart decision in imgaging such a character, because he is developed in such a way that his importance to the whole play is not realized until the conclusion. For with just a simple action of handing off a purse to Cornelius, Malachi made a ripple effect which changed the course of the entire production and made all the difference. Malachi Stacks made all the difference.

Museum Experience

In trying to understand the museum experience one must be able to create a holistic approach.   This means creating an experience not based on a certain aspect alone but an encounter with someone or something with the full awareness of the impact it brings to an individual.   This paper seeks to discover the museum experience.   It seeks to answer questions that revolve around individuals with regards to how to experience the whole value a museum can offer.The first part of the paper seeks to explain the concept of museum experience. In appreciating the impact of experience a museum has to offer, one must first be able to understand its nature and concept.   One way of grasping the concept of museum experience is creating a model that will be used as a guideline of experience. The model is called Interactive Experience Model. We have found this model to be a useful framework within which to organize and interpret the wealth of research and information that make up the museum visitor literature, as well as relevant research from psychology, anthropology, and sociology.[1] The structure of the model are based on three sections; personal, social and physical. In the personal context, â€Å"each museum visitor's personal context is unique; it incorporates a variety of experiences and knowledge, including varying degrees of experience in and knowledge of the content and design of the museum.†[2]   The next context involves the social context.   Understanding the social context of the visit allows us to make sense of variations in behavior between, for example, adults in family groups and adults in adult groups, or children on school field trips and children visiting with their families.[3]   Lastly, â€Å"the museum is a physical setting that visitors, usually freely, choose to enter. The physical context includes the architecture and â€Å"feel† of the building, as well as the objects and artifacts contained within.[4] The Interactive E xperience Model suggests that all three contexts should contribute significantly to the museum experience, though not necessarily in equal proportion in all cases.[5] The model clearly attempts to have a holistic approach in determining the value of museum experience felt by an individual. Thus in museum experience, awareness must occur in the process of overall grasping of ideas and experiences felt.The next part of the paper seeks the idea of how museums communicate to an individual or groups. In the recent and changing times, the museums’ challenge is to be an institution that can showcase an effective way of exhibiting and showcasing ideas that can create a memorable and valuable experience. Another challenge for museum educators is that of giving proper scope to cultural diversity while acknowledging the impossibility of presenting a collection that is all-inclusive.[6] Creating museum communication means preparing a scenario will create a lasting effect to individuals. Learning is influenced by motivation and attitudes, by prior experience, by culture and background, and – especially in museums – by design and presentation and the physical setting. [7] Museum educators must be aware that individuals and groups learn in different ways.   Thus, it is important for a dynamic approach that will cater not to certain individuals but majority of the visitors.Each museum must develop its own philosophic commitment, its own pattern of effective education in a specific community.[8] Therefore museums communicate by means of its capabilities to foster effective communication and information needed by individuals or groups.   This is accomplished by giving emphasis to the way each exhibit is effectively arranged to suit the needs of every visitor.The next part seeks to describe the way museums connect to other people. In this process, the paper will look into the way a museums can create memories based from experiences. The idea of creating experiences in a museum can vary based on the perspectives that a visitor might use. Museums can use different strategies to catch the attention of visitors and create memories of the certain exhibit or object displayed.However, it must be pointed out that these situations vary since people regard an exhibit or display’s significance because of previous experience. Thus, the capability of a museum educator to create new ideas and schemes to attract, connect and impart knowledge among individuals and groups.Story-telling in galleries using paintings, drama using characters related to the collections, artmaking and scientific experimental workshops, writing poetry as a response to objects and reviewing classification systems, developing fashion shows based on costume collections, measuring and recording buildings inside and outside, mapping sites and grounds, talking and listening to museum staff, visiting the museum stores or laboratories – there is much good practice t o draw upon.[9] Other ideas and strategies might be explored in creating memories for visitors.Other museum educators say they seek to promote conversations with visitors, share understanding through personal interactions, promote fun and playful activity rather than a catalogue of facts, help visitors become responsible for their own learning and stimulate creativity and opportunities to learn through play.[10]The last part of the paper seeks to view the way museums take part in the learning process of individuals or group.   In determining this, one must first look into the way an object in a museum impart knowledge to the visitor thus facilitating the creation of learning.Objects can be particularly stimulating in relation to learning processes when handled and studied closely.[11] Another thing that a museum educator can do is to facilitate learning by means of letting the object be interpreted by the visitor itself. One important role of the education staff within the museum is to help visitors feel empowered to see and choose, to relate the works of art to their own search for meaning.[12] Thus it is important for the museum educator to arrange the objects in such a way that it will be conducive to learning and at the same time letting the visitor experience the object independently. Educational experience should experiences stimulate curiosity and imagination, while allowing the sheer pleasure and delight in looking.[13] In addition, the museum must be an environment conducive for learning.In order to facilitate learning, not only do the distracting characteristics of unfamiliar settings need to be overcome (both by making the environment friendly and inviting and by recognizing that visitors need time to orient themselves and need as much assistance as possible in doing so), but exhibitions also need to provide intellectual and cultural â€Å"hooks† that permit visitors to connect with the exhibitions.[14]To conclude, the paper highlighted the way museums interact with individuals and groups to facilitate learning and on the other hand create experiences to visitors. The paper also elaborated on the methods and strategies museums use to attract attention among visitors.   The ability of a museum as an institution to create avenue’s for learning among individuals and groups remain to be seen.   However, the amount of experience that a person absorbs still remains to be subjective. It is still left to the individual to create a holistic understanding and experience in a museum visit.BibliographyFalk, J.H. and L.D. Dierking. The Museum Experience. (Washington, D.C.:.WhalesbackBooks. 1992)Hein, George. Learning in the Museum (Museum Meanings). (New York: Routledge. 2001)Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,London: Routledge, 1994.Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) accessed September 29,2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8510%28199423%2928%3A3%3C105%3AMEATAE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-TWittman, Otto. The Museum and its Role in Art Eucation. [online journal] Art Education,vol.19 no.2 (Feb. 1996) accessed September 29, 2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3125%28196602%2919%3A2%3C3%3ATMAIRI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-EZeller, Terry. Museum Education and School Art: Different Ends and Different Means.[online journal] Art Education, vol. 38 no. 3 (May 1985) accessed September 29,2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3125%28198505%2938%3A3%3C6%3AMEASAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U[1] Falk, J.H. and L.D. Dierking. The Museum Experience. (Washington, D.C.:.Whalesback   Books. 1992) p. 2[2] Ibid. [3] Ibid p. 3 [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. p.7 [6] Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]   Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) p.109 [7 ] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994.) p.21 [8] Wittman, Otto. The Museum and its Role in Art Eucation. [online journal] Art Education, vol.19 no.2 (Feb. 1996) p. 6 [9] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994 p. 21 [10] Zeller, Terry. Museum Education and School Art: Different Ends and Different Means. [online journal] Art Education, vol. 38 no. 3 (May 1985) p. 8 [11] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994.) p.21 [12] Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]   Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) p. 109 [13] Ibid. p. 109 [14] Hein, George Learning in the Museum. New York: Routledge 2001 p.152

In cold Blood Essay Example

In cold Blood Essay Example In cold Blood Paper In cold Blood Paper Essay Topic: In Cold Blood Although the novel, In Cold Blood, by Truman Capote, shocked the nation in its description of a heinous murder of an entire family, the initial crime theory Included a murder-seclude since the husband and wife slept In separate bedrooms. However, through careful, descriptive analysis of the crime scene, the actual culprits of the cold, blooded killing were found and determined to have serious mental illness of schizophrenia and other brain injuries leading to a series of events that ended in a brutal crime. The state of Kansas lacked money to examine Dick and Perry, but Doctor W. Mitchell Johns volunteered his services, as a specialist in criminal psychology and determining criminally sane and Insane. However, Perry felt they know they Just want to be entertained and hear the killers own terrible lips (268). Dry. Mitchell worked with twenty-five murder cases and he ran a series of test on Perry and Dick. He found that Dick was not mentally ill, but Perry on the other hand, had mild type of Schizophrenia. Finally, the Judge said, we will find out if they are insane, imbeciles or idiots, unable to comprehend their positions and aid in their defense (266). Once Dick and Perry were In court, Perry decided to give a part of his life story saying l was very severely beaten by the cottage mistress, who had called me names and made fun of me in front of all the boys for wetting the bed at night (275). In 1948, Perry joined the Army got in fights and pushed a Japanese police officer off of a bridge into the watt « (276). It seems Perry become upset whenever he remembers events of the past because of his alcoholic mother and a father that never spent time him. Whenever his father was stationed in Alaska, he made sure Perry went to school and never missed a day. Yet, the only person he loved and cared about was his brother, but he committed seclude shooting himself with the same type of rifle used to kill the Clutter family. Seems, when the killings occurred, Perry was destroying a key figure in some post traumatic configuration (302). As Perry told the Judge they never hurt me, like people have all my life. Maybe its just that the Clutters were the ones that had to for pay it (290). Am I sorry? If thats what you mean I am not. I dont feel anything about it (291). Its easy to kill, a lot easier than passing bad checks, said Perry (291). The Clutter family would of suffered severe traumas to brain and vital cranial structures inflicted by a shotgun, if they were still alive According to Dry. Mitchell, during the trial, the Clutters family lawyer showed pictures of the brutal death of the family members (298). Yet, Mr Fleming the lawyer said The sole reason the pictures are being introduced is to prejudice and inflame the minds of the Jurors ( 281 ). However, Smith related that he did not yet mention, the reason he broke into the house was to rape Nancy and the other was to kill the entire family (288). Mr Hickory talked in rout by saying my son suffered head Injuries In a car accident In July 1950, and since then he has never been the same (292). Yet, the judge orders a doctor specializing in physician, whom he found Dry. Jones that worked criminally insane. Within the usual definitions of sane and insane, Mr Hickory did know from wrong (294). Upon, Hickory had an average in intelligence, grasps new ideas easily and he is alert to whats happening around him, and shows no sign of mental confusion or damage, or concrete concept formation, yet, Hickory does show signs of emotional abnormality (294). Since his uncomfortable in his relationships to other people, and has a pathological inability to form and hold enduring personal attachments (295). Later, Perry talked in court saying was a likable kid, well liked around the neighborhood, he never done one thing out to acknowledge (296). Perry Smith shows definite signs of severe mental illness. His prison records, was marked by brutality and lack of concern on the part of both parents (296). Dry. Jones said, Perry has a paranoid orientation toward the world and distrustful of others and thinks that other people discriminate against and has a type of paranoid schizophrenic (294). At the time of the murder, Perry was at a stage of Schizophrenia, where he was not himself and was unable to control himself. Yet, the Judge found the crime it to be murder without apparent motive. Perry killed Mr Clutter, but he didnt want to leave any witnesses, so he killed the entire family. Attempting to Assess the criminal responsibility of murders, the law tries to divide them into two groups, the sane or insane, which sane is murderer is thought of sane acting upon rational motives that can be understood, though condemned, and the insane one as being driven by irrational senseless motives (298). Yet, the Judge was doing as many things possible to give the death penalty. Half of the men DRY. Johns studied had suffered severe physical violence or were rejected by the parents as children. Dry. Staten said the circumstances of the crime seem to fix exactly the concept of Murder without apparent motive, because three of the murders were logically motivate (301). The mother and her three children were because Smith killed Mr Clutter. Smith was under a mental eclipse, deep inside a schizophrenic darkness, for it was not entirely a flesh and blood man he suddenly discovered, but a key figure in some past aromatic configuration (302). Yet, Smith replied by saying l didnt want to harm the man, her was a very nice gentlemen. I thought so right to the moment I cut his throat, but the Clutters never hurt me like people have all my live. Maybe it Clutter were the ones who had to pay for it (302). Still, Judge Tate wanted to prosecute both of them, regardless who pulled the trigger Smith or Hickory them both were found guilty. Mr Fleming was Smiths and Hassocks lawyer he talked in trail and said Man is not an animal. He has a body and a soul that lives forever (303). Yet, Perry told the judge all we ask is for mercy; surely live imprisonment is small mercy (303). Yet, one of the Juror told Perry you have Just heard two energetic pleas of mercy in behalf of the defendants, but Mr Fleming and Mr Smith, were not at the Clutters house that fateful night very fortunate for them that they were not present to plead mercy for the doomed family (303). Still, Mr Green didnt take their plea and he threatened them the killers by saying our state provide death or by hanging for those who commit a murder in the first degree (304). Judge Tate turned and looked at the killers by saying they went armed with a hooting and a dagger, but they went to rob and kill (305). Their voices crumbled, when they heard these words coming out of the Judges mouth. One of the Jurors said what are we going to do with these men then bind a mans hands, feet, and cut his throat and blew out him brain (305). Yet, the Judge replied give them the minimum penalty and thats only one of four counts (305). The other counts were from guilty of Mrs Meier the prison cook over heard Dick crying like a baby and praying to god. They were both sent to the same Federal Prison at Fort Leavenworth, their cells were ext to each other. Yet, Dick became depressed and tried to end his life, by starving himself, and he didnt talk to anybody. Still, Perry Smith was taken out of the prison and sent to the hospital for nine weeks, and then he started to take law classes to appeal his charges; moreover, Dick wrote several letters to the Chairman of the Legal Aid Committee of the Kansas State Bar Association to ask for an appeal (326). Inexplicably, they rejected his as time passed, Richard Eugene Hickory and Perry Edward Smith, partners in crime, died on the gallows at the state prison on June 22, 965, for one of the bloodiest murders in Kansas criminal annals (337). In this novel, In Cold Blood, a heinous murder took place in the small town of Holcomb in Kansas. Were the entire family died in cold blood, due to the fact they had money. Yet, the town thought it was murder suicide because husband and wife slept in separate rooms. However, through the bloody foot print left behind, the killers found and determined to have serious mental illness of schizophrenia and other brain injuries leading to a series of events that ended in a brutal crime. It was a murder that shocked the nation and brought attention from several states.

How to Calculate Mass Percent Composition of a Compound

How to Calculate Mass Percent Composition of a Compound Mass percent composition of a molecule shows the amount each element in a molecule contributes to the total molecular mass. Each elements contribution is expressed as a percentage of the whole. This step by step tutorial will show the method to determine the mass percent composition of a molecule. An ExampleWith Potassium Ferricyanide Calculate the mass percent composition of each element in a potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6 molecule. The Solution Step 1: Find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. The first step to finding mass percent is to find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.K3Fe(CN)6 is made up of potassium (K), iron (Fe), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N).Using the periodic table:Atomic mass of K: 39.10 g/molAtomic mass of Fe: 55.85 g/molAtomic mass of C: 12.01 g/molAtomic mass of N: 14.01 g/mol​​ Step 2: Find the mass combination of each element. The second step is to determine the total mass combination of each element. Each molecule of KFe(CN)6 contains 3 K, 1 Fe, 6 C and 6 N atoms. Multiply these numbers by the atomic mass to get each elements mass contribution.Mass contribution of K 3 x 39.10 117.30 g/molMass contribution of Fe 1 x 55.85 55.85 g/molMass contribution of C 6 x 12.01 72.06 g/molMass contribution of N 6 x 14.01 84.06 g/mol​ Step 3: Find the total molecular mass of the molecule. The molecular mass is the sum of the mass contributions of each element. Simply add each mass contribution together to find the total.Molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 117.30 g/mol 55.85 g/mol 72.06 g/mol 84.06 g/molMolecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 329.27 g/mol​ Step 4: Find the mass percent composition of each element. To find the mass percent composition of an element, divide the mass contribution of the element by the total molecular mass. This number must then be multiplied by 100% to be expressed as a percent.Mass percent composition of K mass contribution of K/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of K 117.30 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of K 0.3562 x 100%Mass percent composition of K 35.62%Mass percent composition of Fe mass contribution of Fe/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 55.85 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 0.1696 x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 16.96%Mass percent composition of C mass contribution of C/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of C 72.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of C 0.2188 x 100%Mass percent composition of C 21.88%Mass percent composition of N mass contribution of N/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of N 84.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of N 0.2553 x 100%Mass percent composition of N 25.53%​ The Answer K3Fe(CN)6 is 35.62% potassium, 16.96% iron, 21.88% carbon and 25.53% nitrogen.It is always a good idea to check your work. If you add up all the mass percent compositions, you should get 100%.35.62% 16.96% 21.88% 25.53% 99.99%Where is the other .01%? This example illustrates the effects of significant figures and rounding errors. This example used two significant figures past the decimal point. This allows for an error on the order of  ±0.01. This examples answer is within these tolerances.

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example Information about Model 1 The best feature of this model is the compact size of its central processing unit; it looks more or less similar to a large hard-cover book with USB ports, as well as an optical drive, rather than a personal computer. Its design and small shape are deceiving, as within this small machine there is an adequate amount of power to keep up with other regular-sized systems. It offers a solid, â€Å"low-noise solution† (White & Downs, 2007) with an adequate amount of effectiveness, as well as speed to get the work completed. Another exclusive feature is that it can be laid flat or on its side by the stand supplied with it. The major constraint of its size is the lack of upgrading capacity. Nonetheless, it should be remembered that the ability for upgrading is not generally crucial for business PCs. It has all the necessary elements, together with â€Å"Intel's Core 2 Duo E6300 1.83GHz CPU, 1GB of DDR2 RAM, an 80GB hard drive and a slot loading DVD burnerâ⠂¬  (White & Downs, 2007). The essential pre-installed Intel graphics chip will not be able to go well with games, but it is satisfactory for standard workplace chores. It also incorporates Intel's V-Pro technology, a distant administration tool to handle business task forces. This is intended to let information technology staff have an easy access to the computer, regardless of what its state of fitness and in spite of whether it is on or off. This technology is still new, and despite the fact that it is great in speculation, it has yet to achieve any serious momentum. Its casing never becomes very warm and it is much quieter as compared to the majority of PCs. Fan noise is negligible and the hot air produced gets blow out from the rear side, away from the user. The manufacturer believes that this PC is an environmentally friendly acquisition. Information about Model 2 This model uses the latest â€Å"Intel H57 chipset along with the Intel Core i7-860 processor† (Shelly & V ermaat, 2008) to offer a desktop system with a high quality performance, although at a more practical cost. This system in conjunction with the â€Å"4 GB of DDR3 memory† (Shelly & Vermaat, 2008) should let the PC to perform excellently in just about any sort of application together with the challenging desktop movie editing. The system has a comparatively small 500 gigabytes hard drive, as compared to the one terabyte sized in the majority of similarly grouped personal computers. It as well includes a â€Å"dual layer DVD burner which is not uncommon for many desktops† (Shelly & Vermaat, 2008). The manufacturer creates this by presenting an extensive choice of customization preferences where users can put in drives with more capacity or add additional drives in either â€Å"RAID 0 or 1 arrays for performance or redundancy. Blue-ray drives are also available. All of these options do increase the cost, of course† (Shelly & Vermaat, 2008). Graphics is, possibly, o ne of the weakest points of this model. The major cause for this is the comparatively tiny â€Å"350 watt power supply† (Shelly & Vermaat, 2008) that does not have a good deal of the performance considered necessary for the â€Å"high end 3D graphics cards†. â€Å"The default NVIDIA GeForce GTS 240 graphics card provides a mediocre experience with support up to 1650x1080 resolutions. Those wanting higher graphics

Esaay 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Esaay 1 - Essay Example Intelligence and Analysis are, thus, horses of different colors that serve in a symbiotic relationship to broaden the meaning and functionality of ideas that so important to every nation the world over. This paper endeavors to dig deep into this very important relationship, explaining the dynamics involved in creating suitable solutions adopted in policy making, how analysis infiltrates intelligence reports as a corrective agent, the effect of analysis in driving home accuracy levels in intelligence reports, and the very impact of intelligent analysis in policy legislation successes and/or failure. In their piece titled â€Å"Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies: An Anthology,† Johnson and Wirtz defines Intelligence Cycle as â€Å"the process by which information is gathered, analyzed, and converted into usable intelligence data to affect policy changes† (5). Intelligence Cycle, therefore, runs through several processing processes that incorporate planning, data collection, analysis and subsequent breakdown, and lastly, the production and dissemination of information into usable forms or rather to be acted upon. Noteworthy, Intelligence Cycles, as the two scholars argues, is fitted with analytical mechanics right from the initiation processes of pooling/assemblage of information to the presentation of final reports for policymaking; a clear indication of the complementarity functioning of Intelligence cycle and the analysis cycle tasks. The accuracy of intelligence reports always serves as a critical element to inform whether such should be acted upon or not right from the beginning. Accordingly, it takes critical analysis to collect data, visual or otherwise, by intelligence officers, translate those that so requires, in order to tighten any loose ends and/or provide accurate report/description of a case under investigation. In

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the â€Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerful† rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a â€Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human liberty† (as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable

Climate change Essay Example for Free

Climate change Essay In this era of industrialization there is no doubt that countries are developing in terms of resources and technology but there are repercussions as well. Scientists are of the view that human activities are contributing to not only a rise in world temperatures but also to the extreme climatic occurrences. Such climatic induced natural disasters have displaced many people from the shelter of their homes, have turned fertile lands into barren parts and have caused a depletion of fresh water resources (China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change, 2008). â€Å"It is predicted that the average global temperature will rise from between 1. 5 and 5 degrees Celsius over the next 100 years leading to a rise in sea level by one meter or more along with other disastrous climatic changes† (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). But the world today is so engrossed in reaching the top most position amongst industrialized countries that there is absolute ignorance about the causes of climatic disasters. Although there are people who believe that the drastic temperature increase over the last 100 years is a natural phenomenon, but the wide majority of the scientists argue that human activities are the root cause. â€Å"When it was realized that the radical climatic changes are an important issue and need to be tackled, the first milestone was launched in 2005, termed as the Kyoto protocol which aimed at reducing the gas emissions from industrialized countries† (Pettifor, 2008). But the main problem regarding this protocol is that some of the world’s biggest current and future polluters are not a signatory to this agreement as a result of which this protocol is unlikely to have any impact on the climatic changes (Climate Change, 2008). Population growth in such countries is allowing for the set up of more industries which will eventually accelerate the problem on hand. If technologies which cause less pollution and are comparatively cheaper are created and adopted then even countries which are not committed to the climatic change improvement will adopt them for their own economic self interest. Such technologies can be implemented in electricity production and transportation because these are the two factors which contribute to environmental pollution in all developing countries. In many countries carbon free alternatives have already been implemented for energy production and transport purposes and the added costs have been considered to be meager when compared to the benefits. Emission trading is a phenomenon that allows for the achievement of pollution reduction at reduced costs whereby a country which is able to meet its target of reducing emissions sells its pollution permit to another country which is unable to meet the target set (Howden, 2007). Policies are required both in developing and the developed countries to finance the regime of saving the planet. These policies include certain incentives and subsidies for the innovator who adopts the carbon free technologies in his production plant , taxes and charges enforced on those who fail to follow the reduced emission target and also government regulations that allow remove the barrier to entry for new entrants willing to adopt the lower carbon alternatives. In January 2007 the EU set out proposals for a global agreement on saving the planet from further climatic deterioration (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). Two key targets to be met by 2020 were set which included a 20% reduction in energy consumption and use of renewable energy resources to be increased by 20%. The EU countries also committed to cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions by 30% given that other developed countries also commit to reductions in gas emissions under a global agreement (Climate Change, 2008). It is the rich countries that need to be pressurized to take steps in the mitigation of climatic changes and provide finance for the poorer countries that may be reluctant to cut down on emissions since it would have adverse affects on their economy (Climate Change, 2008). In spite of the current economic turmoil which the entire world is facing, the U. S has promised to provide subsidies to the car industry to help them develop green cars which will help in creating a cleaner and less polluted environment. This step taken by the U. S motivated the EU member states to do the same. Similarly the German government is thinking of offering tax incentives to the general public to install energy efficient heating systems in their homes and to purchase the carbon free, environmentally friendly green cars. And the list goes not stop here, governments of different countries are thinking of providing subsidies to industries to produce green appliances, green airplanes, efficient lighting equipment, and better insulation and so on (Howden, 2007). To implement all this money is required which is expected to come from private investors. In the future years it is predicted that a vast portion of government spending will be directed towards saving the environment from climatic changes (Pettifor, 2008). China, one of the most enthusiastic country in dealing with the climatic change crisis has emphasized on the need for rich nations to contribute 1% of their GDP to help poorer nations counter the effects of the drastic climatic changes, to enable them to adopt the ‘green technologies’ and to simply assist them in tackling disasters like earthquakes, floods, heat waves and droughts (China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change, 2008). A main human activity which is adding to global warming is deforestation which has been occurring worldwide at a large scale. Carbon emissions caused by deforestation cause far more damage then either factories or cars do. Countries are implementing strict regulations regarding deforestation and have imposed penalties on those indulging in this act on lands where it is prohibited. No new technology is required it is just the enforcement policies, political will and incentives that need to be provided to government and individuals alike to make them realize the importance of forests to the environment. But poorer nations are unwilling to cut down on deforestation since it means compromising on their source of income and ultimately compromising on their economy. Forestry experts and policy makers have held meetings in Germany to try and put deforestation on top of the agenda of UN for dealing with climatic changes but Papua New Guinea, one of the world’s poorest nations refused to co-operate when it declared that it can’t cut down on deforestation unless it was offered financial incentives to do so. Natural forestation acts as a thermostat for the earth generating much needed rainfall and stabilizing the amount of harmful gases in the environment yet governments are ignorant or rather choose to stay unaware of this fact and are focusing more on implementing economic policies , encouraging bio-fuel subsidies and carbon capture schemes to tackle the problem of climatic changes (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). For domestic users of energy, education and training programs need to be implemented to break down the reluctance of adopting environmentally friendly products and to help in creating a carbon free environment. For industries as well staff training, rewards system, awareness programs can reduce energy consumption considerably and reduce the green house gases emissions (Pettifor, 2008). There are certain economic policies which can be implemented to achieve the desired effects like taxes and charges on industries emitting carbon toxicants above a certain given level can be imposed which will induce them to eventually cut down on polluting the environment. Voluntary agreements between the governments and industries as well as between developing countries like the Kyoto protocol can accelerate the adoption of technological advances and cause considerable emission reductions (Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies, 2002). But on the other hand it needs to be kept in mind that although harsh regulations and standards and tax impositions may have the desired effect in the industrial sector but when it comes to domestic households, who are also a major contributor to environment emissions due to car usage and domestic heating, we need to think out of the box and come up with more feasible and practical solutions Individuals need to be convinced of the need to adopt technology and embrace ‘green appliances’ and for that the main motivation is the monetary incentive. Majority of the global population is not an early adopter of technology and for their sake it needs to be kept in mind that they will look for reduced costs rather than being termed the most techno-savvy person of the year (Pettifor, 2008). People need to be educated rather than forced into adopting renewable energy resources. Same goes for the industrial sector of the rich nations though harsher methods to cut down on their emissions can be applied as well by the government. It is the poorer nations that show the maximum reluctance and are unwilling to co-operate in the regime to save the earth from further climatic destruction. These nations are more concerned about their economy since already they are far behind the rich nations and on top of that the international bodies impose restrictions on them to cut down on emissions which eventually mean a restraint on their business operations (Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). The short term efforts that are being done to save the world from global warming and ozone depletion are basically a waste of resources and money since they tend to have little effect. It would be wiser to spend more yet come up with long term viable solutions which promise an improvement in the climatic conditions. Those who are worried that the cost of saving the world from climatic changes need to realize that the atmosphere cannot determine if the reduced carbon emission has come from an expensive decision or a cheap choice because it can only feel if the emissions have reduced or not. Works Cited 1. China tells rich nations to pay up on climate change. (2008, November). Retrieved November 9, 2008, from NewScientist. com: http://environment. newscientist. com/article/dn15148-china-tells-rich-nations-to-pay-up-on-climate-change. html? DCMP=ILC-hmtsnsref=news1_head_dn15148 2. Climate Change. (2008). Retrieved November 6, 2008, from EUROPA Commission: http://ec. europa. eu/environment/climat/home_en. htm 3. Climate Change: Economic Sense and Non-sense of Carbon Mitigation Policies. (2002). Centre for Economic Performance , 2. 4. Howden, D. (2007, May 14). Deforestation: The hidden cause of global warming. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from The Independent: http://www. independent. co. uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734. html 5. Pettifor, A. (2008, October 28). Beyond the triple crisis: a green new deal. Retrieved November 7, 2008, from http://www. opendemocracy. net/article/beyond-the-triple-crisis-a-green-new-deal 6. Summary for Policy Makers. (2007, May 5). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from http://www. globalpolicy. org/socecon/envronmt/climate/2007/0504ipccthree. pdf

Essay --

WikiLeaks: It’s Effect on the American and World Society By: Sam Karnan WikiLeaks has created an enormous effect on American society and the world in terms of national security and government transparency. WikiLeaks was created as a not-for-profit media organization whose main goal is to bring important news and information to the public. Much of the information that WikiLeaks has published would be considered sensitive material and extremely classified by the US Government and many other governments across the world. Background WikiLeaks.org was officially founded on October 4th, 2006 (Wall Street Journal). It operates from servers based in Sweden where it is illegal to reveal anonymous sources, whether they are one’s own or someone else’s. WikiLeaks was created with a goal of â€Å"promoting truth† (Wikileaks.org) in order to fight against government and corporation corruption. The main face of WikiLeaks is Julian Assange. He is an Australian journalist, editor, publisher and activist. Assange was described by his father (Brett Assange) as â€Å"a sharp kid that always fought for this underdog.† (The secret life of Julian Assange, 2010). Assange had a talent for hacking computers and has faced over 30 charges of hacking in Australia. Another high-profile face of WikiLeaks was Daniel Domscheit-Berg. He is most famous for the falling out he had with Assange and subsequently opening the curtains on the organization that opened the curtains on many other governments and corporations. Domscheit-Berg is a German technology activist that best became known for deleting at least 3000 unreleased documents, including a complete US No-Fly list, from WikiLeaks when he left the organization. After leaving the organization Domscheit-Berg state... ...N, 2013) Most recently, Edward Snowden who is a former CIA employee and NSA contactor released over 200,000 documents to the press. These documents contained information about the mass NSA surveillance program in the US as well as US surveillance on other countries. Snowden is considered a fugitive by the American government and is living in Russia under temporary asylum. (NSA Releases Some Files On Electronic Surveillance, NPR, 2013) WikiLeaks has changed the way governments operate. Due to the release of all these high profile documents, both the American people and people in other countries expect their governments’ to show a higher level of transparency. In this age where anything can be posted online or released to the press, whistleblowing has become much more common. This can be attributed to the effect WikiLeaks had on both the American and world society.

The Definition of Prose

A. DEFINITION OF PROSE Prose  is a form of  language  which applies ordinary  grammatical structure  and  natural flow of speech  rather than  rhythmic structure  (as in traditional  poetry). While there are  critical debates  on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers,  magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film,  history,  philosophy, law  and many other forms of communication.Prose is a form of writing that does not fall into any particular formal structure and types of prose can include drama, articles, novels, short stories, letters, history, philosophy and biographies. Prose is a term applied to any kind of discourse that is not poetry. This term usually, but not always, refers to written rather than spoken language. As the format of e veryday communication, the term prose can apply to anything from a business letter to a 600-page novel. It may be easier to define prose by examining how it differs from poetry: the distinctions between the two are most evident in the structure.Prose does not have a rhythmical construction like most poetry, nor does it utilize the specific line breaks associated with verse. It does not require the use of rhyming words at the end of lines, and it is does not employ the brevity and economical use of words for which poetry is often known. There are some elements of poetry, however, that prose does utilize. These elements include the use of metaphor, the comparison of two unlike objects, and alliteration — the use of similar sounds at the beginning of words.Prose can also employ imagery, a term for the use of specific details that help to create the concrete visual world in the mind's eye. Imagery is like a painting made out of words. From the Latin words prosa oratio, which mean â€Å"direct speech,† prose is the dominant form in literature. It the accepted mode of writing for novels, short stories, plays and folk tales. This form is also used on the Internet and in everyday business communication B. TYPES OF PROSE There are seven types of prose which is regular speech or writing, not poetry. 1. Short StoryShort Stories are a kind of prose that normally comprises of less than 10,000 to 20,000 words but can be limited to as less as 500 words. This form of prose has been around for thousands of years and probably the oldest example is an Egyptian short story entitled â€Å"The Two Brothers†, from around 3200 B. C. A  short story  is a work of fiction, usually written in  narrative  prose. Often depicting few characters and concentrating a ‘single effect' or mood, it differs from the  anecdote  in its use of  plot, and the variety of  literary techniques  it shares with the more extensive  novel.Although the short story is expressly defined by its length, the precise length of stories that can be considered ‘short' varies between critics and writers, especially when taking account of the diversity of the form across genres. As such, the short story is defined relative to other prose forms in various traditions and styles, with the precise length of each story determined by each author's artistic intent or the requirements of the plot or depiction.Like the novel, the short story tradition has been defined and shaped through the markets available for publication, and thus, the form can be practically traced through the submission guidelines of publishing houses, print and online media that have solicited them. The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more lengthy works, and a crafted form in its own right, collected together in books of similar length, price and distribution as novels.Thus, short story writers may define their works as part of the artistic and personal expression of the form. They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed form, finding such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning. 2. Factual Prose This is generally used for the writing of novels and short stories. Although examples of this kind of prose has existed throughout history, they did not actually develop into a systematic form until a few centuries ago. 3. LettersLetters are a form of prose that are a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization which are usually transmitted by mail. 4. Novels Novels are a long story written in prose which gives a lot more freedom to the writer to experiment with lots of different literacy forms in one novel. 5. Diaries Diaries are a record of daily events, appointments, observations, etc. Or a book for keeping such a record and can be used in a personal sense or by a business. Three other kinds of prose are testimonies, journals and the personal essay which are less commonly used. 6. TestimonySome published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered â€Å"testimonial literature† particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression. This usage of the term comes originally from Latin America and the Spanish term â€Å"testimonio† when it emerged from human rights tribunals, truth commissions, and other international human rights instruments in countries such as Chile and Argentina. One of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchu.The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest significant English-language works in this genre. 7. Journal A journal (through French from Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings: * a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a d iary * a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day * many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society are often called journals.Although journal is sometimes used as a synonym for â€Å"magazine†, in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine. 8. Personal essay â€Å"For more than four hundred years, the personal essay has been one of the richest and most vibrant of all literary forms. † (The Art of the Personal Essay by Phillip Lopate. ) The personal essay is also one of the most popular forms of creative nonfiction.A personal essay can be based on a personal experience that results in a lesson that you learn. A personal essay can also be a personal opini on about a topic or issue that is important to you. This article defines the personal essay. * Definition of the Personal Essay A personal essay is either a personal narrative in which the author writes about a personal incident or experience that provided significant personal meaning or a lesson learned, or it is a personal opinion about some topic or issue that is important to the writer. * Personal Essay as a Personal NarrativeA personal narrative has the following elements: * It is based on a personal experience in which you have gained significant meaning, insight, or learned a lesson. It can also be based on a milestone or life-altering event. * It is personal narrative. The writer tells the story by including dialogue, imagery, characterization, conflict, plot, and setting. * It is written in the first person. (â€Å"I† point-of-view) * It is an autobiographical story in which the writer describes an incident that resulted in some personal growth or development. * A pe rsonal essay is a glimpse of the writer’s life.The writer describes the personal experience using the scene-building technique, weaves a theme throughout the narrative, and makes an important point. There must be a lesson or meaning. The writer cannot just write an interesting story. * It does not have to be objective. However, the writer must express his/her feelings, thoughts, and emotions. * The writer uses self-disclosure and is honest with his/her readers. * The writer writes about a real life experience. The incident or experience must have occurred. The writer must use fact and truth. * The writer must dramatize the story by using the scene building technique.A scene includes setting/location, intimate details, concrete and specific descriptions, action, and often dialogue. * The Personal Essay as a Personal Opinion A personal essay can also be an opinion piece, an opinion that is based on a particular political or social concern or topic of interest. In this type of p ersonal essay, the writer can states the problem, provide solutions, and then write a conclusion—which must state an important point. Whatever the writer discusses, the topic is of interest to the writer. The writer frequently seeks to explain the truth or reality has he/she views it. Sometimes the writer ponders a question.Other times the writer explores a topic from his own perspective. The writer must not lecture, sermonize, or moralize. In other words, the writer must present his/her opinion in such a way that allows the readers decide for themselves. In Writing Life Stories, author Bill Roorbach provides an excellent definition of the personal essay, one that is based on a personal opinion. He states that the personal essay that is based on a personal opinion has these attributes: * A personal essay is a conversation with your readers. * The personal essay is an informed mixture of storytelling, facts, wisdom, and personality. The personal essay examines a subject outsid e of yourself, but through the lens of self. * The subject of the personal essay may be the self, but the self is treated as evidence for the argument. * Passages of narrative often appear but generally get used as evidence in the inductive argument. * The personal essay strives to say what is evident, and to come to a conclusion that the reader may agree or disagree. * A personal essay can wonder through its subject, circle around it, get the long view and the short, always providing experience, knowledge, book learning, and personal history.It should also be noted that a personal essay doesn’t need to be objective. It can be purely subjective. You don’t have to prove a point or show both sides of the argument. But you must express your own personal feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a topic or issue in a logical manner. * Subject for the Personal Essay Your subject can be about anything that you are passionate about. You can write about a â€Å"turning point† in your life, or a milestone, or adversity, such as death, illness, divorce. The subject you choose must have provided you with significant personal meaning or a lesson that you have learned.But, keep in mind, you are not just reflecting or remembering, you are going to make a point, some universal truth that your readers can appreciate. Otherwise, your story is just a story. So, write about the following: * Personal experience * Incident * Anecdote * Topic * Issue * A memory Your subject can also be a personal opinion on an issue or concern that is important to you, such as the garbage strike, crime, or unemployment. C. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY 1. PLOT The term short story is a relatively recent one. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne 1837 collection of stories was titled Twice Told Tales.Today, the term tale suggests a simple narrative, told in chronological order. In the past, a short work was sometimes called a sketch. Today, sketch implies the narration of only single bri ef scene. Plot has been defined as â€Å"an author’s careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. The description of plot structure demonstrates how authors develop their stories: the discussion of techniques reveals how authors vary the chronology, provide hints of future action, sustain interest, and introduce the idea of chance or fate in the character’s lives. CAUSALITY A plot is a series of actions, often presented in chronological order, but the ingredient a plot has that a story lacks is causality. In a narrative with a plot, there is little that happens without a cause. * CONFLICT Even with the addition of causality, however, the concert ticket anecdote lacks another important ingredient. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict- an internal or an external struggle between the main character and an opposing force. When a story includes internal conflict, the main character is in conflict with himself or herself.In contrast, a n external conflict can occur between the central character and either another character, society, or natural source, including fate. The most common external force is another character. * PLOT STRUCTURE In literature, exposition refers to the explanatory information a reader needs to comprehend the situation in the story. Exposition establishes the setting, the major characters and some minor ones, the situation, and any necessary background information about what happened before the story began. The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation established in the exposition and sets the conflict in motion.The rising action, various episodes occur that develop complicate. In the rising action, various episodes occur that develop, complicate, or intensify the conflict. Climax has been defined in a number of ways: the point of greatest conflict, the emotional high point, the turning point in the plot, or the point at which one of the opposing forces gains the advantage. The events that follow the climax are known as the falling action. The falling action leads into the resolution or denouement of the story. The term resolution sometimes refers to all the events that follow the climax, including the denouement. . SETTING In the days of King Alfred there lived a poor woman, whose cottage was in a remote country village, many miles from London. Thus begins the old nursery tale â€Å"Jack and the Beanstalk. † The sentence describes the setting of the tale-that is, the time (in the days of King Alfred) and the place (a cottage in a remote country village far from London). Setting is so important that some readers base their literary likes and dislikes largely on the environment in a work-the future, early Rome, the English countryside, Los Angeles in the thirties, Detroit today, Cairo yesterday. ASPECTS OF SETTING Setting can be general (a city in the Midwest in the late nineteenth century), a specific (a three-story mansion on Pine street in Ch icago in 1885), or very detailed (the darkened parlour of that mansion at four o’clock on the first Tuesday in December). Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story, however. * PURPOSES OF SETTING Setting may serve a number of purposes, such as influencing action, defining character, and contributing to mood. 3. CHARACTER As a literary term, a character is a person created from a work or fiction. CLASSIFYING CHARACTER In some cases, characters are veiled, autobiographical versions of the author. Often, they are people the author knows or people the author has observed or overheard. While the origin of a character is usually irrelevant, a character’s dimensionality and purpose in the story are important. 1. ) Round and Flat Character Round character is three dimensional character complexes enough to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility. In contrast, a flat character is one whom Forster deems incapable of surprising the reader. ) M ajor and Minor Characters The term protagonist refers to the main or central character in fiction. Protagonist is an ancient Greek word for the central character of a drama. Rather, a more neutral and accurate word to describe the protagonist’s opponent is antagonist. Like protagonist, many antagonists will also be round characters, though it is possible for an antagonist to be flat character. Together, the protagonists and antagonists comprise the major characters. Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters.A stereotyped character represents a category of people. The word stereotype comes from printing and refers to a metal mold used to mass produce duplicates of printing type. A final character category of character might be termed the piece of furniture character. 3. ) Active and Static Characters Another way to classifying characters is to label them as active (or dynamic) or static. An active character is one who changes because of what hap pens in the plot. Static characters, however, remain unchanged; their character is the same at the end of the story as at the beginning. . POINT OF VIEW AND TONE Point of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story. There are two main points of view : first person ( I ) and third person ( he, she , they ) , but there are variations within these point of view. a. ) First Person (I) The â€Å"I† narrator is not the author. Instead, the author creates a persona or mask through which he or she tells the story. The â€Å"I† story may be a character in the story. IF there’s no â€Å"I’s,† the story is probably told from the third person point of view. b. ) Third PersonThe Third person point of view may be omniscient (in literally means â€Å"all knowing†): that is, may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limit ed omniscience is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as a newspaper reporter does. Long works of fiction are often told from several points of view, but short stories are commonly presented from a single point of view. B. ToneTone in writing is somewhat like tone of voice in speech. Tone in writing is the author’s attitude towards the characters, the topic, or the readers, as expressed by the narrator, and it may come across in number of ways Tone in writing can be, among other thing, serious, introspective, satirical, sad, ironic, playful, condescending, formal and informal. Tone is achieved through descriptive details of setting and character, through dialogue, and through the narrator, direct comment and author tone is necessarily the same throughout a work, although in a short story, the same tone is usually maintained throughout. . Tone and Mood The terms tone and mood are sometimes confused. While tone conveys the author’s attitude, mood refers to the atmosphere in a story. Atmosphere may be mysterious, horror-filled, or serene. While both the tone and the mood of a story maybe the same (both may be sad, for example), it is usually common to distinguished between these to terms. Also, the mood of a story is not necessarily the same throughout. The climax may bring about a change from despair to triumph, or from anxiety to relief or from any mood another. b. Determining ToneOne way of determining the tone of the story his to decide what effect the story has on you. For example, if the author seems sympathetic or hostile to a character, you likely will be to. If the authors tone seems aloof, you may fill a corresponding aloofness. If the author tone is lightly satirical, the effect is likely to be amusement or a sense that the author satire is well aimed. 5. THEME Theme is an author’s insight or general observation about human nature or the human condition that is conveyed through characters, plot, and imagery.If you examine carefully these two quotations expressing theme, you should deduce two important clues to the nature of a theme statement: first, it is presented in a complete sentence, and second, its contents is debatable. a. Particularity and Universality Particullary refers to the uniqueness or singularity of a work of fiction. Universality, on the other hand, refers to the relevance or applicability of a fictional work to large groups of people across time and place. b. The roots of theme c. Locating theme Just focus first on elements of each story as you read.Examine those elements closely, rereading as needed. From the factual details of plot (especially conflict), character, and setting (especially imagery), clues to the author’s debatable opinion will emerge. d. Formulating a theme statement 1. Expressing theme as multiple statements. 2. Avoiding excessive theme statement. 6. STYLE Style is a w riter’s characteristic way of saying things. It is a product of both the character of the writer as an individual and the choices that he or she makes concerning diction , imagery, syntax and variety, and organizational structure. . Diction Diction refers to a writer’s choice of words. The words chosen can be described as general or specific ( tree versus weeping willow ) ; formal or informal ( â€Å" How do you do† versus â€Å"Hello† ); abstract or concrete ( honor or brotherhood versus desk ) ; common ( drat ); jargon ( any words understood by members of a specialized group such as doctors, teachers, astronauts ) ; Latin- based or Anglo-Saxon words ( make a hotel reservation versus book a room). Whatever the choice, the author’s dixtion needs to be both clear and appropriate.However, that in fiction the author’s diction does not need to be grammatical to be clear or appropriate. b. Imagery and symbol In literature, imagery extends to all the senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. Imagery is also associated with figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, simile and others. A symbol is anything that signifies or stands for something else. In literature, symbol is anything concrete-an object, a place, a character, an action-that stands for suggest something abstract. c. SyntaxSyntax or sentence structure is the pattern or arrangement of individual words and phrases. A writer’s style also grows out of the mixture and variety of sentence patterns used in the writing. d. Organizational structure The organizational structure of most fiction is chronological: stories typically begin with exposition that established the setting, the chief characters, and the situation, including the conflict. 7. POPULAR SECTION a. Westerns The western story is a unique genre because the American frontier was a unique setting.Full of danger, hardship, beauty and the promise of wealth (or at least one’s own plo t of land), the frontier meant the opportunity to achieve the genuine independence. b. Detective and mystery A fiction that involves the unraveling of some puzzle or secret or crime is called a mystery. The classic detective story involves a police, private or amateur detective who investigates a crime and through observations, questioning, and deduction identifies the motive and the criminal from among a limited group of suspect. c. Fantasy and science fictionAll fiction is imaginary, but some of it can both be set in this world or in other world as we know it. Fantasy and science fiction can both be set in this world or in other worlds anytime. Both can and often do have social and political meaning. Fantasy has elements of the supernatural or magic. Science fiction, as its name suggest, its rooted in scientific and technological truths or in the possibility of scientific advancements based on what is known. Ghost and horror are stories that scare people have been popular and prof itable for a long time. References 1.Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction : The Elements of Fiction ( United States of America :1999 . PREFACE Alhamdulillahirobbilamin Gratitude belongs only to Almighty God, who has given his affection and the author for taking the time to complete the Introduction to Literature paper under the title â€Å" Fiction or Prose as Literary Genre â€Å". The authors also thank for several people who have helped in the completion of this paper. Papers on â€Å"Fiction or Prose as a Literary Genre† was filled to fulfill one presentation task Introduction to Literature course.Writing this paper aims to provide further information about the literature as an esthetic and study and the challenges to be faced in the future. This paper was presented several efforts that can be done to maintain the Introduction to Literature. The authors are aware that this paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect criticism and suggestions either in writing or orally from the lecturer of Introduction to Literature course DR. Alek ,M. Pd so writers can develop science , especially the science of Introduction to Literature.