Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psych Chapter 7 Paper For understudies to show the best execution on their tests, they are encouraged to take part in disseminated practice. To help understudies in their maintenance of data, which thusly empowers them to win higher test scores, memory analysts would feature the utilization of elaborative practice. The blurring of memory with the progression of time marks rot and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Temporariness Lamont is strolling through his nearby wellbeing and nourishment store. A worker comes up and inquires as to whether he needs any help. Lamont asks what is the best and least expensive memory upgrading home grown cure they have. On the off chance that the worker responds to this inquiry dependent on the proof from controlled, logical examination, the individual would suggest any sweet fluid. Albeit both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had seriously harmed hippocampi or evacuated hippocampi, the two of them indicated proof of understood memory. Realizing how to explore the course from ones home corridor space to the area of ones school variable based math class is a case of a construction. Which of these age bunches has the most grounded memory capacities? youthful grown-ups As indicated by the creators, our memory is generally similar to liquefying wax Bogus recollections are simpler to embed when the occasions that are said to have happened are seen as conceivable. Leola has a far reaching last for her natural science class. For her to have the option to hold the data from right off the bat in the semester, she ought to be encouraged to utilize ________ in her concentrating all through the term. dispersed practice The powerlessness to quickly recollect a people name, which you without a doubt know very well, is a case of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most significant factor in most of the cases, in excess of 75 percent, where DNA proof prompted the upsetting of a vile conviction of a blameless individual was flawed onlooker distinguishing proof. As to the possibility of patients recollections being formed by interesting psychotherapy methods, analysts re pointedly separated about whether such recollections are genuine or bogus recollections. As Dominique surveys the jargon terms for her French class, she is well on the way to encounter the best level of overlooking following learning new words. A significant analysis of the profundity of-handling model is that it is unfalsifiable. A significant wellspring of bogus recollections originates from source checking disarray. Memory aides will be generally useful as encoding gadgets in the event that we practice them all the time. The failure to immediately recollect a people name, which you without a doubt know very well, is a case of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl chooses to begin exploring for his test by examining 20 minutes per day for 10 days as opposed to simply contemplating 3-4 hours the night prior to his test. He is utilizing conveyed practice. What point did the creators make with respect to cases of recuperated recollections of youth misuse? Youth misuse claims should be bolstered by supporting proof so as to be accepted as genuine. For understudies to show the best execution on their tests, they are encouraged to take part in conveyed practice Realizing how to explore the course from ones home lobby space to the area of ones school polynomial math class is a case of a mapping During address every day, a brain science teacher may clarify four primary concerns the person wishes the class to hold. Be that as it may, most understudies don't reconsider the material until the accompanying class time frame two days after the fact. The overlooking that happens between classes is in all likelihood the consequence of rot The blurring of memory with the progression of time marks rot and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Short life Throughout the night, Pedro has been gazing at Samantha from over the move floor. Toward the night's end, he at long last gets the fearlessness to approach her for her phone number. His psychological redundancy of the number on the commute home is one case of practice. As indicated by the examination on the power impact, if your dad read you a rundown of 10 things to get up at the tool shop you would most effectively review those things from right off the bat in the rundown. Albeit both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had seriously harmed hippocampi or evacuated hippocampi, the two of them indicated proof of certain memory. Memory recuperation from amnesia is progressive, if by any stretch of the imagination. In noting this, and every single other inquiry for this test, you are utilizing recovery At the point when one endeavors to reproduce a recovery situation that is as comparable as conceivable to the underlying encoding, or learning, condition as could be expected under the circumstances, the person in question is utilizing the rule of encoding specifity memory maintenance of data after some time interesting memory methods strategies that urge patients to review recollections that might possibly have occurred memory deception bogus however emotionally convincing memory range how much data a memory framework can hold term time span for which a memory framework can hold data tangible memory brief stockpiling of perceptual data before it is passed to momentary memory notable memory visual tactile memory echoic memory sound-related tactile memory transient memory memory framework that holds data for restricted terms rot blurring of data from memory obstruction loss of data from memory due to rivalry from extra approaching data retroactive restraint impedance with maintenance of old data because of procurement of new data proactive restraint impedance with procurement of new data because of past learning of new data enchantment number the range of transient memory, as per george mill operator; seven give or take two snippets of data lumping sorting out data into important groupings, permits us to broaden the range of transient memory practice rehashing data to expand the length of maintenance in transient memory support practice rehashing boosts in their unique structure to hold them in momentary memory elaborative practice connecting upgrades to one another in an important manner to improve maintenance of data in momentary memory levels of handling profundity of changing data, which impacts how effectively we recall it long haul memory continued (from minutes to years) maintenance of data put away with respect to our realities, encounters, and aptitudes permastore sort of long haul memory that seems, by all accounts, to be changeless essential impact propensity to recall words toward the start of a rundown particularly well recency impact propensity to recall words toward the finish of a rundown particularly well von restorff impact inclination to recollect unmistakable boosts superior to less particular improvements sequential position bend chart delineating the impact of both power and recency on people groups capacity to review things on a rundown. semantic memory our insight into realities about the world rambling memory memory of occasions in our lives express memory recollections we review deliberately and of which we have cognizant mindfulness certain memory recollections we dont purposely recall or reflect o intentionally procedural memory memory for how to get things done, including engine aptitudes and propensities preparing our capacity to distinguish an improvement all the more effectively or all the more rapidly after weve experienced comparable boosts Three phases of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding procedure of getting data into our memory banks memory helper a learning help, procedure, or gadget that improves review capacity procedure of keeping data in memory composition sorted out information structure or mental model that weve put away in memory recovery reactivation or remaking of encounters from our memory stores recovery signals insights that make it simpler for us to review data review producing recently recollected data acknowledgment choosing recently recollected data from a variety of choices relearning reacquiring information that marry recently adapted however generally overlooked after some time. dispersed versus massed practice contemplating data in little augmentations after some time (circulated) versus in enormous additions over a short measure of time (massed) tip of the tongue wonder experience of realizing that we realize something yet being not able to get to it encoding explicitness marvel of recollecting something better when the conditions under which we recover data are like the conditions under which we encoded it setting subordinate learning unrivaled recovery of recollections when the outside setting of the first recollections coordinates the recovery setting state-subordinate learning unrivaled recovery of recollections when the life form is in a similar physiological or mental state as it was during encoding long haul potentiation steady reinforcing of the associations among neurons from tedious incitement amygdala enthusiastic part of recollections hippocampus authentic part of recollections retrograde amnesia loss of recollections from before anterograde amnesia powerlessness to encode new recollections from our encounters meta memory information about our own memory capacities and confinements juvenile amnesia powerlessness of grown-ups to recall individual encounters that occurred before an early age flashbulb recollections passionate memori

Tangible Property Rights

Week Five Team Assignment: Tangible Property Rights Jo Darling, Mark Plenty, Chantile Smith, Chante Strickland LAW/531 April 15, 2013 David Cheatham, J. D. Week Five Team Assignment: Tangible Property Rights Tangible property will be property that is seen and contacted outside of installations (University of Phoenix, 2010). † Tangible property incorporates genuinely characterized property, for example, merchandise, creatures, minerals â€Å"(University of Phoenix 2010). The laws in the United States of America gives land owner privileges of assurance of their advantages (University of Phoenix, 2010).In embodiment, any association has a suggested option to shield substantial property from harm or hoodlum, and this is an authoritative obligation. Along these lines, an extensive system by chiefs must evaluate the dangers related with working together in their industry. This is never more clear than in car retailing, unmistakable property on the spot can valuate to a huge number o f dollars. Clearly, an alliance that incorporates a lender, lawyer, bookkeeper, and protection specialist would recognize territories of concern and present cures identified with the full extent of the business.The normal part of getting a solid property and setback protection strategy is ordered, and directed. This is the most fundamental security the board can organize. Besides, different fastidious techniques intended to ensure substantial property must be tended to. This structure will stand up to three issues equivalent for supervisors to consider, for the achievement of ensuring its unmistakable property at a car store. Substantial Property Protection Plan Tangible property assurance requires six viewpoints that supervisors ought to consider while figuring an arrangement to ensure its unmistakable property.Broom (2008) shows that the zones appropriate to a far reaching plan are as per the following: activities; notoriety; guideline; legitimate; liquidity; and human component . The focal point of this accommodation will talk about stock, hardware and data. Car Inventory The vehicles on a vehicle parcel are viewed as the store’s most significant substantial property. This stock can be evaluated to be as much as a huge number of dollars comparative with the size of the stock. The board would do well to fence off the property to deflect robbery and vandalism. Of the $17 billion lost by casualties of property related misconduct in the United States in 2003, over $8. 6 billion (about 51 percent) was the aftereffect of auto robbery (FBI) 2004,† (â€Å"The key to auto theft,† 2006, p. 2). Moreover vehicle sound systems, recieving wires and different frill are liable to harm or burglary whenever left unprotected (â€Å"The key to auto theft,†Ã¢ 2006). Another perspective around there is controlling access to the keys of the vehicles on the property. It is critical to have a framework that requires each deal and administration individua l to log use.This implies that movement for exhibition rides, promoting the part just as upkeep and fixes need documentation. Numerous vehicle cheats have acquired unlawfully, access to keys on the property. â€Å"They related anecdotes about taking keys from lock boxes that were joined to vehicles’ windows at vehicle dealerships† (â€Å"The key to auto theft,† 2006, p. 919). Vehicle Dealership Equipment Managers at a vehicle sales center will discover executing a far reaching support program on hardware could expand effectiveness and productivity.The prime zone of thought on the off chance that it has one, is the administration division. Broome (2008) relates having hardware that is best in class, all around kept up or sometimes supplanted will remunerate the association by expanding execution and lessening down time while upgrading the main concern. Administration will counter languid deals and renting and give strength when financial conditions cause more est ablished vehicles to be being used longer. In addition, the executives ought to build up support plans on mechanical hardware and require a precise framework for arrangement of all tools.Detailed oral and composed reports and firsthand perception ought to uncover the genuine estimation of the administration department’s stock in exchange. This should provoke supervisors to finish and settle on choices in an auspicious manner for gear substitution. Securing Tangible Information Important unmistakable property at a vehicle vendor additionally comprise of duplicates of money related data, client agreement, and credit data. These records incorporate both manual and electronic information, and the executives must give a safe house to storage.Therefore a safe situated on the property fire and water safe could save archives. Then again, arrangements could likewise be made for capacity of records from the property. Electronic records on the neighborhood ought to have back up insuranc e in case of framework disappointment (Broome, 2008). End Tangible property rights is the establishment allowed by law that encourages resource assurance. The executives has an obligation to take activities that perceives hazard factors. The following stage is to devise intends to relieve the risk.However, an arrangement is just a decent gadget except if executed (Broome, 2008). References Broome, J. T. (2008, September). Six stages to bring down hazard. Toys, 106(8), 1-16. Part 4 hold perusing Cheeseman, H. R. (2010). Individual property and bailment [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : Pearson training. Recovered from University of Phoenix, LAW/531 site. Criminal, B. J. (2006, March). The way to auto robbery. Advance Access Publication, 46(), 917-934. http://bjc. oxfordjournals. organization. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/content/46/5/917. full. pdf+html

Pelosi, Nancy Patricia

Pelosi, Nancy Patricia Pelosi, Nancy Patricia p?lo ´se [key], 1940â€", U.S. congresswoman, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007â€"11), b. Baltimore as Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro. The daughter of Thomas J. D'Alesandro, Jr., who served as Baltimore's mayor and a congressman, she moved to California, where she became active in the Democratic party. In 1987 she was was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in a special election. A liberal from San Francisco, she became minority whip in 2001 and, succeeding Dick Gephardt , minority leader in 2003, becoming the first woman to hold high-ranking leadership positions in the U.S. Congress. Democratic victories in the 2006 and 2008 congressional elections led to her election as Speaker of the House; she became the first woman to hold the post. Since 2011 Pelosi has been minority leader, after the Democrats lost their majority. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved . See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Hamlet Jungian Perspectives On Psychology And Religion

Hamlet: Jungian Perspectives The term consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment† (Kendra Cherry, http://psychology.about.com). Our unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of awareness but that nevertheless have a great influence on behavior. The influence of Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Gustav Jung’s work in analytical psychology has never been more prominent in texts than it is today. â€Å"Introversion and â€Å"extroversion† have become standard words. Most people are aware of the connection between the â€Å"individual psyche† and the â€Å"collective unconscious.† Many of us have secretly wondered about our own â€Å"complex neurosis.† The influence of the darker â€Å"shadow† side of life is the subject of concern as we seek to understand the apparent inhumanity of our species. All of this and more has come to us through the voice of Jung who, perhaps more than any other single individual, has shown that psychology and religion can not only coexist peacefully together, but that they can enhance, inspire, and perhaps even complete each other - and in the process help us complete ourselves. In the gaze of the Jungian analyst, there are two forces that drive Hamlet. One is his anima; â€Å"the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, the archetypal feminine symbolism within a man s unconscious.† (Barbara F. McManus, February, 1999Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Servic e

Should the U.S. Still Have the Death Penalty

In the USA, a majority of the people support capital punishment and vote for politicians that take a firm stand against crime. Those who support the death penalty use arguments such as: An eye for an eye!Society should not have to pay for someone so dangerous that they can never return to live around normal people.The threat of execution is enough to make criminals think twice about committing a capital crime. Those who oppose the death penalty argue their position with statements such as: Although the act of murder is horrific and inexcusable, executing the killer does nothing to bring the person back.It often costs more to execute a criminal than it would cost to keep him/her alive in jail.It is irrational to assume that a criminal is going to consider the consequences of his actions before committing a criminal act. The compelling question is: if justice is served by putting a murderer to death, in what way is it served? As you will see, both sides offer strong arguments. With which do you agree? Current Status In 2003, a Gallup report showed public support was at a high level with 74 percent for the death penalty for convicted killers. A small majority still favored the death penalty when given a choice between life in prison or death, for a murder conviction. A May 2004 Gallup Poll found that there is a rise in Americans that support a sentence of life without parole rather than the death penalty for those convicted of murder. In 2003 the outcome of the poll showed just the opposite, and many attribute that to the 9/11 attack on America. In recent years DNA testing has revealed past mistaken convictions. There have been 111 people released from death row because DNA evidence proved they did not commit the crime for which they were convicted. Even with this information, 55 percent of the public feels confident that the death penalty is applied fairly, while 39 percent say it is not. Background Use of the death penalty in the United States was practiced regularly, dating back to 1608Â  until a temporary ban was established in 1967, during which time the Supreme Court reviewed its constitutionality. In 1972, the Furman v. Georgia case was found to be a violation of the Eighth Amendment which bans cruel and unusual punishment. This was determined based on what the Court felt was an unguided jury discretion which resulted in arbitrary and capricious sentencing. However, the ruling did open the possibility of reinstating the death penalty, if states redrafted their sentencing laws to avoid such problems. The death penalty was reinstated in 1976 after 10 years of being abolished. A total of 885 death row prisoners have been executed from 1976 until 2003. Pros It is the opinion of proponents of the death penalty that administering justice is the foundation of any societys criminal policy. When punishment for murdering another human being is delivered, the first question should be if that punishment is just relative to the crime. Although there are different concepts of what constitutes just punishment, anytime the well-being of the criminal out ways that of the victim, justice has not been served. To gauge justice, one should ask themselves: If I was murdered today, what would a just punishment be for the person who took my life?Should that person be allowed to live out their life behind bars? In time, the convicted murderer can adjust to their incarceration and find within its limitations, a time when they feel joy, times when they laugh, talk to their family, etc., but as the victim, no more are such opportunities available to them. Those that are pro-death penalty feel it is society’s responsibility to step in and be the voice of the victim and determine what is a just punishment, for the victim, not the criminal. Think of the phrase itself, life sentence. Does the victim get a life sentence? The victim is dead. To serve justice, that person who ended their life should have to pay with their own for the scale of justice to remain in balance. Cons Opponents of capital punishment say, capital punishment is barbaric and cruel and has no place in a civilized society. It denies an individual of due process by imposing irrevocable punishment on them and depriving them of ever benefiting from new technology that may provide later evidence of their innocence. Murder in any form, by any person, shows a lack of respect for human life. For victims of murder, sparing the life of their killer is the truest form of justice that can be given to them. Opponents of the death penalty feel to kill as a way to even out the crime would only justify the act itself. This position is not taken out of sympathy to the convicted murderer but out of respect for his victim in demonstrating that all human life should be of value. Where It Stands As of April 1, 2004, America had 3,487 inmates on death row. In 2003, only 65 criminals were executed. The average time span between being sentenced to death and being put to death is 9 - 12 years although many have lived on death row for up to 20 years. One has to ask, under these circumstances, are victims family members healed by the death penalty or are they re-victimized by a criminal justice system that exploits their pain to keep voters happy and makes promises it cannot keep?

Analysis Of The Poem Bellocq Ophelia By Natasha Trethewey

Bellocq’s Ophelia, by Natasha Trethewey is a collection of poems highlighting the complexities of being a black female sex worker in the early 20th century. The work is inspired by the image of a young prostitute in New Orleans originally taken by photographer E.J. Bellocq. Trethewey s protagonist is Ophelia, and the poems serve as letters depicting her experience while working in the brothel. Thematically, the poems center largely around objectification .Countess P---’s Advice for New Girls and August 1911 are examples of how Tretheway uses language, tone, and structure to reflect Ophelia’s internal feelings of oppression while being both racially and sexually objectified. Countess P’s Advice for New Girls essentially introduces the ideals and principles of the business but states you are the business. The environment of the poem takes place in Countess P’s brothel. Countess P the speaker of the poem, a Madame, demonstrates to Ophelia this ideology with an authoritarian tone.â€Å"For our customers you must learn to be watched. Empty your thoughts think if you do, only of your swelling purse.† The element of identity and performativity is highlighted with the author’s intricate use of imagery and similes in this poem. The poem’s begins with imagery, Countess P states to Ophelia â€Å"Look, this is a high- class house polished mahogany..†(11) meaning this brothel is filled with luxury and the women she employs will reflect this ideology of magnificence and objectification. â€Å"The

Management Communication

Question: Discuss about the Management Communication. Answer: Introduction Human resource management i.e. HRM can be explained as the overall management of the human resources in an organisation. The main purpose of incorporating the human resource management practice in an organisation is to enhance and uplift the performance of the employees so that there can be rapid achievement of the organisational goals. The effective planning of HRM is one of the most critical tasks for any organisation as it impacts the present as well as the future of a company and its human resource (Hendry, 2012). The report will highlight the major aspects related to the strategic human resource planning, project management and human resource planning. The later part of the report will discuss the part of HR planning in regards with project management. Strategic Human Resource Planning SHRM i.e. strategic human resource management can be explained as the practical approach of employee management in an organisation. There are several elements which are the part of SHRM such as effective working of the workforce, recruitment, workforce unity, organisational discipline and payroll of the employees. All these aspects helps in providing several benefits to an organisation such as increasing retention rate of the employees, maximizing the organisational productivity, enhancing the quality and efficiency of the word done and boosting employees motivation (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). There are theorists who have defined human resource planning as the approach used by the organisations for identifying the needs of the human resource and the ways through which those needs or the requirements can be fulfilled. Human resource planning can also be explained as an intricate approach by which the organisations make the estimations of the total demand and the size of the labors required in an organisation. This is linked with the analysis of the nature of supply which is required for meeting the market demands. There are number of things which are the part of the human resource planning such as employer branding, employee retention, talent management, development of the strategies related to selection and recruitment, absence management and improving organisational flexibility (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Human resource planning is the point of connectivity among the human resource management of an organisation and the companys strategic plans. It is performed in such a way, which helps in effective attainment of the strategic objectives of an organisation. The significance of effective human resource planning can be demonstrated by the increasing demands for the competent employees in the developing nations and because of the fact that in western countries there is more of aging workforce, effective HR planning is needed (Yin and Oathman, n.d.). There are number of HRM issues present in the global organisations such as increased turnover rate, presence of aging workforce, issues related to diversity, incompetent skills etc. To effectively manage these issues and achieve higher competitive benefits, there is a vital need of robust strategic management in an organisation by the means of effective HR planning. For example, one of the primary issues i.e. increasing rate of turnover can be managed by implementing the practice of conducting exit interviews in every organisation. The feedback and the data collected from the employees who are leaving the organisation helps in identifying the workplace issues and also supports in building a healthier working environment in future. It also provides the HR executives with the insight of the major causes which are the reasons for increasing turnover rate in an organization (Bratton and Gold, 2012). In a similar way, the various issues of the labor market can be resolved by the implementation of an effective human resource policy inan organisation. It is impossible for an organisation to attain its set objectives and goals in the absence of potential labors. There can be strengthening of the organisation by having a robust HR policy through a potential HRM strategy. The flexible working roster is just one of the elements which contribute in attaining a desirable working place for the competent employees. An organisation which lay high emphasis on the factors such as employee development, improving workplace environment, development of employee welfare programs etc. helps in achieving high retention rate of the employees as well as enhanced organisational productivity (Lengnick-Hall, Beck and Lengnick-Hall, 2011). The issues which are developed because of organisational diversity can only be resolved bythe incorporation of a competent human resource policy. It is necessary that the policies developed have a sense of sensitivity in regards with the diverse values and cultures of the individuals. There must be few engagement programs in an organisation so that there can be developed a sense of belongingness and informal association among the employees which therefore helps in reducing the issues of diversity. For managing the human resource concern of ageing workforce, there can be done recruitment of new and fresh talent in the organisation.From the overall perspective, it can be said that the effective human resource management policies helps in minimizing the organisational issues as well as providing several competitive benefits to the organisation which therefore supports improved organisational branding (Wright and McMahan, 2011). HR Planning and Project Management The project management supports an organisation in visualization of the resources and the time, checking and managing the development of the overall project and the identification of the reasons of failure of any project. A competent HR manager takes efficient use of the pioneering tools of project management for instituting productivity measurements, establishment of detailed recruitment process, collection of feedbacks, analyzing the cost of recruitment and providing managerial insights for the development of the project (Kerzner, 2013). The primary element which is to be emphasizes upon at the time of HRM planning is the recognition of the various responsibilities and roles associated with the project. The major responsibilities in the HRM planning process comprises of documentation of the reporting associations and the recruitment and staffing management plan (Puckett, 2014). An effective strategic management plan helps in attaining the potential workforce through innovative ideas. There has been performed the analysis of the need for recruitment, training programs and information flow. In an organisation, all the human resource management functions are divided among the various managers and the project management. It is essential that the parties have a clear understanding of the division of roles and responsibilities, so that, every individual can play its work role in the most efficient manner and can help in achieving the fruitful completion of the project (Nagendra and Deshpande, 2014). There is one real life example which illustratesthe importance of having an effective HRM in an organisation. In the ABC News, a news article was reported which revealed that in Brisbane, there were cancelation of 100 trains because of the reason that there was unavailability of required number of drivers for carrying out the train operations on Redcliffe Peninsula line.The issue occurred because of the absence of adequate number of trained drivers which were required to operate the newly scheduled trains. The report shows the significance of HR in an organisation no matter whether it is a private corporation or a public one. Every organisation faces number of issues related to deficiency or absence of competent workforce. In the long scale projects, the factor of human resource is of more significance as all the aspects of a project are interlinked with each other. Therefore, an absence or lack of potential employees in first phase of a project leads to delay in the second phase, an d eventually the entire project. Because if the lack of competent workforce, it results in delay in the newly scheduled trains. There is a need to plan anprovisional timetable which is dissimilar from the current timetable but even the provisional timetable will take more than a weeks time. Thus, it shows that a minor delay or lack of workforce may result in the deterioration of the complete project or operations. After the occurrence of issue, there is a need of a solution to restructure things and this process of improvement takes much more time (ABC News, 2016). From this incident, it has been analyzed that if the HR department has implemented a robust HR policy then there can be easily forecasting of the required number of workforces for carrying out the operations. By the effective HRM, the presence of appropriate number of personnel has been ensured at the prior stage only so that the train operations would not have been stuck. The primary reasons for the lack of workforce was the shortage of trainings regarding the new service and the underestimation of the workers and this resulted in the cancellation of trains (ABC News, 2016). The political consideration in the public services has a direct connection with the HR planning. Because of the reason that the policies of human resource management are outlined in such a way that they completely abide the various rules and regulations developed by the government. For the project management in the large scale organizations, it is of more significance as there are engaged increased numbers of people in a specific project (Berman, et al., 2012). The Resource-Based View of the Firm Resource based view offers an extensive number of competitive benefits to a company through the application of intangible and the tangible resources. The organization takes use of diverse form of resources for achieving long-term benefits. The resource based view supports an organization to have more potential and significant resources for the operations. With the era of globalization and robust market competition, it has been evaluated that the success of a company is dependent upon a strong RBV as it offers advantages to an organization. Through the RBV, the organization comprises the resources which are rare, valuable, not imitable and organized (Lin and Wu, 2014). In HRM, the imitation takes place because of path reliance where the human resource of an organisation is relied over a path and another is the reason of un-informed certainty where the HR policies are not so effective that they can attain appropriate methods for generating potential. The HR policies of an organization are developed in a long-time period which is not easy for the competitive companies to implement the same. Thus, it results in development of imitation wall. Therefore, it is essential that the human resources are productive, rare, not imitable and valuable so that there can be gained several benefits b y the organization (Montgomery, 2011). In the strategic human resource management, RBV is one of the significant factors as it led down high emphasis upon the organizational internal resources. The various components of resource based view supports in developing the organizational human resources as highly rare, valuable, organized and not imitable. For achieving this there is a need to implement a robust human resource planning so that the workforce can sense that they are the most valuable resource for the company (McWilliams and Siegel, 2011). Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that there is a vital role of human resource in an organization. The people or the human resources are the most important asset for any company to achieve success. For the successful completion of any project, there is a need of appropriate scheduling and workforce competence. To achieve human resource effectiveness, coordination and organizational growth, there is a need to have effective HR policy and HRM in an organization. It has been analyzed and concludes that like all other segments, HR is also one of the most significant parts of a company. As the potential HR team supports in the attainment of potential and competent workforce and offers several benefits to the company. From the news article which was published in ABC News, it can be stated that there is a vital role of HR policy and effective HRM for the completion of any project. As because of lack of HR competence in the identification and management of the workforce, there was cancellation of trains. Therefore, from the overall report it can be evaluated and stated that there is an essential need of implementing appropriate HR planning and effective HRM for the successful completion of the projects in an organization. References ABC News. 2016. Queensland Rail disruptions: AnnastaciaPalaszczuk 'furious' over 100 cancelled trains in Brisbane. ABC News. Accessed on: 1st April, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-23/annastacia-palaszczuk-furious-over-queensland-rail-disruptions/7957862 Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Berman, E.M., Bowman, J.S., West, J.P. and Van Wart, M.R., 2012.Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J., 2011.Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Hendry, C., 2012.Human resource management. Routledge. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lengnick-Hall, C.A., Beck, T.E. and Lengnick-Hall, M.L., 2011. Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,21(3), pp.243-255. Lin, Y. and Wu, L.Y., 2014. Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework.Journal of business research,67(3), pp.407-413. McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D.S., 2011. Creating and capturing value: Strategic corporate social responsibility, resource-based theory, and sustainable competitive advantage.Journal of Management,37(5), pp.1480-1495. Montgomery, C.A. ed., 2011.Resource-based and evolutionary theories of the firm: towards a synthesis. Springer Science Business Media. Nagendra, A. and Deshpande, M., 2014. Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in HR planning and development in mid to large sized organizations.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,133, pp.61-67. Puckett, J. 2014. The Critical Importance Of Project Management For HR. ERE Media. Accessed on: 1st April, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.eremedia.com/tlnt/the-critical-importance-of-project-management-for-hr/ Wright, P.M. and McMahan, G.C., 2011. Exploring human capital: putting humanback into strategic human resource management.Human resource management journal,21(2), pp.93-104. Yin, J.G.S. and Othman, M.H.B., Strategic Human Resource Planning. Management Communication Question: Discuss about the Management Communication. Answer: Scenario 1 It is the sole responsibility of the manager of a high-volume fast food restaurant to retain the position of the company in the global competitive market. From the analysis of the case scenario, it can be determined that the restaurant is currently suffering from staff related problems and to mitigate this issue, the management has decided to hire staffs from other restaurants of the same chain. On the other hand, the duty of the assistant manager runs by the Shift supervisor. The company is running smoothly but this is not the way to mitigate the issues. The management of Restaurant should hire employee and train them properly so that they can understand their role in the organization. At the time of recruitment, the Human Resource Mangers should pay attention to the qualification of the employees (Busch, et al, 2007). HR Department should not hire employee on the basis of their qualification and merit. Employees should be hired based on the efficiency and skilled. 1 week of training should be provided to the new employees to make them aware of the organizational goals. Moreover, they need two or three weeks more so that they can gear up their speed and meet the demand of the customers. On the other hand, the restaurant is suffering lack of assistant manager; shift supervisor has taken the place of the assistant manager. Now the company is trying to recruit new assistant manager. Shift Supervisor is demanding that she can able to handle the work of the as sistant manager efficiently as she has been doing this from the beginning (Varey, 2002). In order to retain the supervisor in the organization, the manager should provide adequate training to the supervisor so that she can manage the role of the assistant manager adequately. Right now, the company is running all the operations with the help of the staffs from different restaurants from this chain. With the help of this strategy, the problem can be mitigated for time being. To solve the problem from root, the management should hire efficient employees and provide them training. Scenario 2 From the above analysis of the case study, it can be stated that the manager of the boutique advertising company has struck among several problems. At first, the manager should take strict action against the intern and terminate the intern from the job as she has breached the contract and revealed all the information to the senior executive of another company (Harner and Zimmerman, 2002). For increasing the profit percentage, the manager should undertake the plan of triple profit as it is profitable for the company but before that manager of the company should develop a contract. After that manager should concentrate on making a contract that would include the regret of not entering into a contract, forcibly. Scenario3 As the manager of a renowned organization, there are diversified role to play. Here the manager has to deal with the Business Administrator. The manager has found that the Business Administrator is new and the BA has no experience in this field. At the same time the company is implementing ERP system and at the middle of the merger so it is utterly impossible for the BA to manage everything smoothly (Kahle and Riley, 2004). On the other hand, the key stakeholders of the organization, employees, are creating problems. They are failed to meet the deadline and demands of the customers. Employees of the organization are accustomed with the conventional way of doing work. Implementation of ERP system can bring change in the work process so this is definite that they are feared of losing job. Merger is affecting the morale of the employees. Management should concentrate on the training of the employees. Training helps them to adopt changes in the organization. In addition, management shoul d put concentration on the leadership strategies. The leaders of the organization should understand the situation and adopt leadership style in accordance with the situation. As the employees are in vulnerable position, so Democratic Leadership Style is the best way to manage the employees in the organization. Apart from this, the Business Administrator is not competitive enough. BA has not aware of the situation. Merger is the time when the position of the employees is not well enough. Mergers and implementation of new system can enhance the chance of employee turnover rate (Marketing Communication, 2015). As the new BA, the existing employees are not ready to obey so BA cannot able to handle employee. In order to mitigate the issues, the management of the organization should provide training to employees and make them aware of the fact that change is the integral part of the organization and they have to adopt it. With the help of the training and development programs, the employees can understand the way to handle ERP system. Along with that leaders of the organization should adopt democratic leadership style (Parente, 2006). This style helps the employees in the decision making process of the organization. Taking an active part in the decision making process of the organization, helps the employees to become the part of the organization. This is the best way to engage the employees and reduced employee turnover rate. BA also needs moral support from the senior management. References Busch, R., Seidenspinner, M. and Unger, F. (2007).Marketing communication policies. Berlin: Springer. Harner, S. and Zimmerman, T. (2002).Technical marketing communication. New York: Longman. Kahle, L. and Riley, C. (2004).Sports marketing and the psychology of marketing communication. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. Marketing Communication. (2015). Abington, Oxon: Taylor Francis Ltd. / Books. Parente, D. (2006).Advertising campaign strategy. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Varey, R. (2002).Marketing communication. London: Routledge.

Explain how Shakespeare conveys different emotions and moods in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Explain how Shakespeare conveys different emotions and moods in Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1595 and takes place in the Italian city of Verona and surrounding areas. The story centers on the tragic love story of Romeo (A Montague) and Juliet (A Capulet). They fall for each other but their love must be secret as their families share a bitter hatred of each other. The play shows the star crossd lovers effort to get away from each of their families and the problems that arise in their plan. Romeo and Juliet is an age old play but is still very well known in todays society because of its long lasting universal themes love and hate, war and peace, arranged marriage and so on.In this essay I will try to and hopefully succeed in answering the above question as well as possible, using the knowledge that I know of and quotes from the play.Just before Act 1 scene 5, Romeo is infatuated by Rosaline and is distressed because he loves her but she does not love him. Out of her favor where I am in love. Romeo is annoyed by Rosa line and later on he shows that his unfortunate relationship with her has made time go very slowly. This is a complete contrast to Juliet, who when Romeo is with her, time seems to fly.Later on, Benvolio and Mercutio tell Romeo that he should come to Capulets party,Citing that he would find another girl and forget all about Rosaline. I fear too early, for my mind misgives..Some consequence, hanging in the starsRomeo conveys his idea about that there might be a problem, going to the ball. He says that there might be a problem and it will be bad. His friends do not car about what he has said and take him to the party, showing that he has no power over what his friends do, telling us he is not very forceful.While at the party, Tybalt sees and recognizes Romeo and is furious until Capulet confronts him and tells him off.He shall be endured.. Am I the master here, or you? You will make a mutiny amongst my guests!This demonstrates Capulet anger with Tybalt apparent freedom ness to do what he wants. He shouts at him, telling him off, telling him that he is the master and Tybalt will do as Capulet wants. Word such as Mutiny are linked to military actions and shows that Capulet is very much in control and very strict. This shows that Capulet is strong and forceful.Tybalt is taken aback and shows his intense hatred with comments like:It fits when such a villain is a guest, Il not endure him!This suggests that Tybalt intensely hates Montagues and wishes nothing more than for them to die. Other comment use strong language and shows that Tybalt is loose cannon; also showing is passion for his hatred.On the other hand, Romeo sees Juliet for the first time and is taken aback by how beautiful she is:Did my heart love till now? For I never saw true beauty till this night.This shows that Romeo sees Juliet as the most beautiful thing Romeo has ever seen, and he has probably forgotten all about Rosaline, who he appeared to have such a huge infatuation with at the beginning of the play. Romeo says this quote at the point of his monologue when he is watching Juliet dance. Words such as true beauty show Romeos passion. They talk and kiss, falling for each other.At the end of the party the mood changes totally. Romeo finds out that Juliet is a Capulet and is distressed:Is she a Capulet? O dear account,My life is my foes debtThis language shows that Romeo is disappointed and annoyed. My life is my foes debt implies that his life is in ruins as his love is his enemy. Juliet shares the same emotions when Nurse tells her that Romeo is a Montague.My only love sprung from my only hate..That I must have loathed an enemy.Juliets comment there shows there shows that Juliet is disappointed as well, with her only love coming from her intense enemy. It seems quite ironic that is that this happens and gives the story a unique twist, giving the story more life. Words such as loathed show Juliets disappointed as loathed is a strong word in my view.After Capulets party in act 1 scene 5, Romeo shares the famous balcony scene with Juliet. They exchange vows of love and agree to marry in secret. The following day, with the help of Friar Lawrence and Nurse, Romeo and Juliet marry. On Romeos way back, he encounters Mercutio and Tybalt fighting because Tybalt was angry with Romeos presence at the party. Tybalt kills Mercutio, causing Romeo to become very mad and slay Tybalt. Prince hears of this and vows that when he finds Romeo he will banish him to Mantua. Romeo spends one last night with Juliet and in the morning he sets forth, out of Verona forever. That same morning, Capulet tries to help Juliets apparent misery about Tybalts death (when really it was about Romeo) by agreeing to give Paris Juliets hand in marriage. Juliet is distraught and disagrees, causing Capulet to threaten to disown her. That day, Juliet seeks Friar Lawrence who gives her a potion to let her into a deathly sleep for 24 hours. She will wake up in the crypt, awaiting Romeo (who will b e alerted by letters) to take her away. This is where we come into more detail.At night, Juliet is being attended to by the Nurse and her mother. She wishes for them to leave her alone and uses orisons (prayers) as an excuse.I pray thee leave me.. For I am in needof many orisonsThis comment shows desperate times call for desperate shows, as Juliet uses such holy acts to be left alone. It also shows that Juliet may be a sinner, as Lady Capulet had no queries about her prayers, she might pray a lot- a lot of sins. Most probable answer would be Lady Capulet thinking it was Tybalt who she was crying about. When Juliet is alone, she begins to think that the mixture will not work and she is afraid.What if this mixture does not work at all? Shall I be marriedthen tomorrow morning?This, as I have already said, shows Juliets fear of it not working. It shows very strongly that Juliet is extremely afraid of getting married to Paris. This shows commitment to Romeo. Juliet then begins to doubt the friar and his involvement with the whole marriage and the supposed sleeping potion.What if it be poison which the Friar subtly administered toHave me deadThis again conveys fear. Juliet is quite right to think this, if anyone found out about the marriage and who married them, it would be Friar who would be in trouble. He would need to clean up his tracks if he were to remain safe and no one would know. Many different angles are being rushed around in Juliets mind. Juliet then begins to think about when she inside the crypt. What if she wakes up and Romeo is not there?How if, when I am laid in the tomb, I wakeBefore Romeo comes. And I am there strangldJuliet has many fears; most of all is dying and marriage to Paris. This again shows Juliets fear, as with the other four quotes in this paragraph. Words such as strangld show that she is afraid of suffocation. In other comments about the crypt, Juliet fears the bodies in the tomb may come alive and attack her. She fears most of all, Tybalts body.She eventually drinks the potion out of love for her Romeo.Romeo, Romeo heres the drink I drink to theeThis again shows Juliets love and commitment for Romeo. She will risk anything for love, much of the same as Romeo would do if he were in the same position. It shows that they are truly in love and were meant to be. Explain how Shakespeare conveys different emotions and moods in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Explain how Shakespeare conveys different emotions and moods in Romeo and Juliet Paper Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1595 and takes place in the Italian city of Verona and surrounding areas. The story centers on the tragic love story of Romeo (A Montague) and Juliet (A Capulet). They fall for each other but their love must be secret as their families share a bitter hatred of each other. The play shows the star crossd lovers effort to get away from each of their families and the problems that arise in their plan. Romeo and Juliet is an age old play but is still very well known in todays society because of its long lasting universal themes love and hate, war and peace, arranged marriage and so on.In this essay I will try to and hopefully succeed in answering the above question as well as possible, using the knowledge that I know of and quotes from the play.Just before Act 1 scene 5, Romeo is infatuated by Rosaline and is distressed because he loves her but she does not love him. Out of her favor where I am in love. Romeo is annoyed by Rosa line and later on he shows that his unfortunate relationship with her has made time go very slowly. This is a complete contrast to Juliet, who when Romeo is with her, time seems to fly.Later on, Benvolio and Mercutio tell Romeo that he should come to Capulets party,Citing that he would find another girl and forget all about Rosaline. I fear too early, for my mind misgives..Some consequence, hanging in the starsRomeo conveys his idea about that there might be a problem, going to the ball. He says that there might be a problem and it will be bad. His friends do not car about what he has said and take him to the party, showing that he has no power over what his friends do, telling us he is not very forceful.While at the party, Tybalt sees and recognizes Romeo and is furious until Capulet confronts him and tells him off.He shall be endured.. Am I the master here, or you? You will make a mutiny amongst my guests!This demonstrates Capulet anger with Tybalt apparent freedom ness to do what he wants. He shouts at him, telling him off, telling him that he is the master and Tybalt will do as Capulet wants. Word such as Mutiny are linked to military actions and shows that Capulet is very much in control and very strict. This shows that Capulet is strong and forceful.Tybalt is taken aback and shows his intense hatred with comments like:It fits when such a villain is a guest, Il not endure him!This suggests that Tybalt intensely hates Montagues and wishes nothing more than for them to die. Other comment use strong language and shows that Tybalt is loose cannon; also showing is passion for his hatred.On the other hand, Romeo sees Juliet for the first time and is taken aback by how beautiful she is:Did my heart love till now? For I never saw true beauty till this night.This shows that Romeo sees Juliet as the most beautiful thing Romeo has ever seen, and he has probably forgotten all about Rosaline, who he appeared to have such a huge infatuation with at the beginning of the play. Romeo says this quote at the point of his monologue when he is watching Juliet dance. Words such as true beauty show Romeos passion. They talk and kiss, falling for each other.At the end of the party the mood changes totally. Romeo finds out that Juliet is a Capulet and is distressed:Is she a Capulet? O dear account,My life is my foes debtThis language shows that Romeo is disappointed and annoyed. My life is my foes debt implies that his life is in ruins as his love is his enemy. Juliet shares the same emotions when Nurse tells her that Romeo is a Montague.My only love sprung from my only hate..That I must have loathed an enemy.Juliets comment there shows there shows that Juliet is disappointed as well, with her only love coming from her intense enemy. It seems quite ironic that is that this happens and gives the story a unique twist, giving the story more life. Words such as loathed show Juliets disappointed as loathed is a strong word in my view.After Capulets party in act 1 scene 5, Romeo shares the famous balcony scene with Juliet. They exchange vows of love and agree to marry in secret. The following day, with the help of Friar Lawrence and Nurse, Romeo and Juliet marry. On Romeos way back, he encounters Mercutio and Tybalt fighting because Tybalt was angry with Romeos presence at the party. Tybalt kills Mercutio, causing Romeo to become very mad and slay Tybalt. Prince hears of this and vows that when he finds Romeo he will banish him to Mantua. Romeo spends one last night with Juliet and in the morning he sets forth, out of Verona forever. That same morning, Capulet tries to help Juliets apparent misery about Tybalts death (when really it was about Romeo) by agreeing to give Paris Juliets hand in marriage. Juliet is distraught and disagrees, causing Capulet to threaten to disown her. That day, Juliet seeks Friar Lawrence who gives her a potion to let her into a deathly sleep for 24 hours. She will wake up in the crypt, awaiting Romeo (who will b e alerted by letters) to take her away. This is where we come into more detail.At night, Juliet is being attended to by the Nurse and her mother. She wishes for them to leave her alone and uses orisons (prayers) as an excuse.I pray thee leave me.. For I am in needof many orisonsThis comment shows desperate times call for desperate shows, as Juliet uses such holy acts to be left alone. It also shows that Juliet may be a sinner, as Lady Capulet had no queries about her prayers, she might pray a lot- a lot of sins. Most probable answer would be Lady Capulet thinking it was Tybalt who she was crying about. When Juliet is alone, she begins to think that the mixture will not work and she is afraid.What if this mixture does not work at all? Shall I be marriedthen tomorrow morning?This, as I have already said, shows Juliets fear of it not working. It shows very strongly that Juliet is extremely afraid of getting married to Paris. This shows commitment to Romeo. Juliet then begins to doubt the friar and his involvement with the whole marriage and the supposed sleeping potion.What if it be poison which the Friar subtly administered toHave me deadThis again conveys fear. Juliet is quite right to think this, if anyone found out about the marriage and who married them, it would be Friar who would be in trouble. He would need to clean up his tracks if he were to remain safe and no one would know. Many different angles are being rushed around in Juliets mind. Juliet then begins to think about when she inside the crypt. What if she wakes up and Romeo is not there?How if, when I am laid in the tomb, I wakeBefore Romeo comes. And I am there strangldJuliet has many fears; most of all is dying and marriage to Paris. This again shows Juliets fear, as with the other four quotes in this paragraph. Words such as strangld show that she is afraid of suffocation. In other comments about the crypt, Juliet fears the bodies in the tomb may come alive and attack her. She fears most of all, Tybalts body.She eventually drinks the potion out of love for her Romeo.Romeo, Romeo heres the drink I drink to theeThis again shows Juliets love and commitment for Romeo. She will risk anything for love, much of the same as Romeo would do if he were in the same position. It shows that they are truly in love and were meant to be.

Lucky Expressions

Lucky Expressions Lucky Expressions Lucky Expressions By Maeve Maddox Reader Emma requests a post on the expression lucked out: The †¦ times Ive heard people using [lucked out] to mean youre out of luck as opposed to expressing good luck or fortune is bordering on ridiculous. The expression to luck out is an American coinage dating from 1954. It means to succeed through luck. Specifically, according to the OED, it is to succeed in a difficult, testing, or dangerous situation. For example: He really lucked out on that exam; every question he had studied for was on it. The expression to be out of luck means to be unfortunate. For example: Youre out of luck: the last train has left the station. Two other uses of luck as a verb are: to luck into: to acquire by good fortune, without effort on ones part. Example: He lucked into a sweet deal on that car. to luck upon: to meet with, to find. Example: He lucked upon some old clothes he had wanted to give away†¦ The noun luck entered English in the 15th century from a Dutch word meaning happiness or good fortune. Its related to German Glà ¼ck, fortune, good luck. The multiplicity of expressions with the word luck, incorporate associations with Chance and Fortune in the sense of the powers that arrange the uncertain fates of human beings. One can have good luck, bad luck, or ill luck. My father used the expression If he didnt have bad luck, hed have no luck at all. People say that its good luck to find a four-leaf clover, but bad luck to break a mirror. Some people are said to have good luck, meaning that they are generally fortunate, while some are said to have no luck, meaning that they are generally unfortunate. Here are just a few more of the many expressions that employ the noun luck: Good luck! said to someone setting off to some uncertain undertaking like an exam or an audition. Better luck next time! said to someone who has failed to achieve some goal. Just my luck! said by someone who has missed out on something desired. To be down on ones luck to be in straitened circumstances, for example, jobless. Luck of the Irish a contradictory expression that can mean either bad luck, or extraordinary good luck, depending on the context. The Best of British luck usually meant ironically, the way Americans might say Good luck with that. The sense is go ahead and try, but youre probably not going to succeed. Trust to luck undertake a difficult task with insufficient preparation, hoping that all will go well. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Time Words: Era, Epoch, and Eon7 Proofreading Steps

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology - Essay Example Whenever there is left sided heart failure the blood accumulates in the lungs first and then the pulmonary arteries and then right sided heart failure occurs. But, in this case, the patient suffers from right sided heart failure which means there would first be accumulation of blood in the right ventricle and then the right atrium. This accumulation of blood in the right atrium would lead a decreased venous return. This decreased venous return would then cause the accumulation of blood in the peripheral veins. The veins most affected are the veins in the leg. The gravitational force leads to the accumulation of blood in these veins. Accumulation of blood increases the hydrostatic pressure in these veins leading to the disturbance of starling’s forces and movement of fluid outside these vessels causing pretibial and ankle edema. The cause behind irregular pulse can be simply identified by the atrial fibrillation. In atrial fibrillation, there is abnormal transmission of pulses from the transmitters from the atria into the purkinjee fibres of the ventricles. This abnormal transmission of impulses leads to abnormal patterns of contractions of ventricular muscles causing an irregular contraction and relaxation pattern and an abnormal cardiac cycle (Cotran, 1999). This abnoarmal cardiac cycle due to irregular transmission of impulses is what causes an irregular pulse. Ramipril is a carboxylic derivative and belongs to a class of drugs known as ACE inhibitors. Ace inhibitors are those drugs that inhibit an enzyme Angiotensin converting enzyme. The major function of this enzyme is to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. The converted angiotensin 2 helps increase the blood pressure by several mechanisms. Some of these are: secretion of aldosterone which acts on the DCT in the kidney to increase the absorption of sodium and water, also the secretion of ADH which by its name the Anti Diuretic Hormone,

Criminal Investigations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminal Investigations - Research Paper Example From the research it is clear that for local people who are born and reside in Abu Dhabi, the criminal clearance always involves a check for any criminal records within the UAE. For foreigners who intend to work in Abu Dhabi, the security clearance involves a check for criminal records within the UAE as well as their country of origin. This is always important for most firms as well as government employees who want to be careful in terms recruiting people with a clean criminal record. Most government departments that have jobs that are sensitive want to know that they are employing people who don’t have the high potential of being criminals. Private organizations also ask for this security clearance when they feel that the position they want to fill is a sensitive position that needs to be filled by a person which can be trusted. This paper declares that the Criminal Investigation Department also acts s the manager for the repository of the data and information for the criminal records. The Criminal Investigation Department keeps all the data records about all criminal records and criminal investigations. This data reserve for criminal records helps in a number of ways with regard to curbing crime. First, it helps with the criminal investigations. The data kept by the Criminal Investigation Department in Abu Dhabi is always important in criminal investigations because they act as the basis of criminal investigations. They also provide with a database for security clearances as described above.

Discuss The Communication Process And Its Elements English Language Essay

Discuss The Communication Process And Its Elements English Language Essay This essay will discuss the communication process and the elements it consists of. I will then critically applying these theories to my own case study, that will be discussed in more detail at a later stage, and relate it back to the various elements of the communication process. The Communication Process The word communication originated from the Latin verb communicare. The meaning of this words translation (which is to share or to make common) provides the first half of the meaning of the English word communication. The second half is related to information and meaning. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 13) So, ultimately, communication simply means to share or make ones meanings or information in ones possession common? Unfortunately it isnt that easy. Almost every author of a publication regarding the science of communication assigns a different definition to the concept of communication. In the following definitions its quite clear that information is more often incorporated into these definitions than meaning. Its also clear that an interaction that seems to be simple is actually quite complex when investigated. A few definitions include: Communication is the sharing, giving and receiving of information Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more people (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 13) Communication is the symbolic process of sharing meanings (Galvin, K.M. Wilkinson, C.A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. The Communication Process. Roxbury Publishing. 5) Communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(is) the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner (Sanchez, N. Communication Process. And according to Dr Appalayya Meesala for the transfer of the information, a certain vehicle (medium) is assigned, which loads itself with the message and passes it on to the intended receiver(s). The way the mediums transport the information in such a way that the receiver understands it as its intended to, is the communication process (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. Meaning Meanings greatest limitation is that even though it is present in ones mind at all times, it is never fully. The meaning received by the by the individual on the receiving end of the communication is hardly ever the same as the meaning intended by the sender. This is because of their uniqueness regarding their individuality, sensory organs and cognitive functions. Various factors can influence the accurate transfer of the intended meaning from the sender to the receiver. These include: Word or phrase usage, the register of language, the structure of sentences, the individual characteristics of each communicator, the non-verbal messages sent, the pre-existing knowledge each communicator possesses of the other, the relationship between the communicators, method used to deliver the message, the audience and the surrounding events or interference. These influential factors are also referred to as the context in which the message is transferred. It is thus easy to conclude that the accurate transferral of ones meaning to a receiver(s) is a science as well as an art. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 14-16) Even more, although the use of verbal and non-verbal codes allow us to transmit thoughts and emotions, the mediums used in a communicative interaction should be mutually understood by both communicating parties for meanings to be more accurately shared. Common meanings make it possible to communicate. And communication mishaps occur due to missed meanings (Galvin, K.M. Wilkinson, C.A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. The Communication Process. Roxbury Publishing. 7). Sending and receiving Messages One would usually use the word channels to describe how messages are sent and received but so many experts assigned completely different meanings to this concept. Thus I will use Dr Gordon Coatess choice of words i.e. Instead, I will simply say that messages passed between two people need a way to get out of one person and a way to get in to another person. Therefore, I will talk about output and input (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 18). By output I will refer to information going out from sender to receiver and, thus, input will refer to that information being received by the receiving party. The input system is sometimes wrongly confused to be a passive process and the output process is an active process. Regarding the human brain, taking in information is indeed an active process as well. Inputs are achieved by means of sensations and outputs by means of actions. With that said, when referring to sensations I mean signals received by ones sensory organs, then transferred to ones brains via nerve fibres and then processed. Organs that are particularly involved in this process are the eyes, ears and tactile sensory systems (their importance follow in that very order too.) (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 18-19) Various people seem to use one of these three organs more effectively than the others. Although a preference towards using one doesnt exclude using the other, it does reduce the effectiveness to which the others are used. And when two interacting communicators dont share a mutual preference towards a certain input, communication mishaps may occur when it comes to understanding meaning. Outputs are achieved by means of specific actions like talking, writing or physical gestures. They are also named after the input used to receive them i.e. visual, auditory and tactile. For example, when a gesture is made, a visual output is employed. Other than inputs, the actions used to achieve outputs are performed by body parts and NOT by the sensory organs. Thus inputs and outputs use different parts of the body. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 22) Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Verbal communication refers to written as well as spoken words used to communicate as it means using a language to share information. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 39) Non-Verbal communication gets most of the attention in most publications regarding communication science. Non-verbal communication refers to any communication that is achieved without solely relying on the use of words or symbols to transfer information. This type of communication may even provide more information than the spoken words used during interactions and provide all this additional information simultaneous to the spoken words. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 48) Aspects of non-verbal communication include: First Impressions, Distance, Orientation, Posture, Movements, Gestures, Facial expressions, Eye contact, Sound effects, Direct contact, Consent issues and Personal qualities. Components of the communication Process Case study To effectively explain the components, or elements, of the communication process I will apply them to a case study, thus a realistic experience. The interaction I have chosen is a conversation with a friend via the widely popular social network called MXit. I have chosen this case study because I think it represents each component in the communication process quite clearly and accurately. The elements I will discuss on the basis of this case study are: Communicators (sender and receiver), Message, Noise, Feedback and the Setting/Context. These elements are not mutually exclusive but they are indeed considerably interlaced/interdependent. During the communication process the sender and receiver (the communicators) switch in the roles they play, but everything else stays the same. Thus the direction of information changes but the process itself stays unchanged. The sender is also known as the source or the initiator of the communication process. (Nordquist, R. Communication Process. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Communication-Process.htm?p=1. 2011. 1) He is faced with the first step which involves the encoding or translating of a cognitive idea or information onto understandable words and using the appropriate medium to transfer this message in such a way that the receiver will understand it. It is of immense importance that the sender uses mediums that are mutually familiar between him and the receiver. A good thing to keep in mind is the saying say what you mean and mean what you say. In my case study I was the sender who initiated the conversation by greeting my friend and thus sending the first message using a mutually understood language. The receiver is the other person involved in this interaction who decodes the message sent by the sender, thus my friend on the other end of the waves transferring our messages from and to each other. The receiver must be sufficiently accessible to receive the message (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 152). In the case of my MXit conversation, for a fluent conversation to take place my friend must be in an area with sufficient signal. This communicator must also possess and employ both sensory capacity (good eye-sight to be able to read my messages coming through and that are displayed on his cell phones screen) and cognitive capacity (be bright and mentally clear in order to understand my sent messages and intended meanings). All the receivers interpretations of the senders message are influenced by his experiences, attitudes, knowledge, ski lls, perceptions and culture. The same aspects influence the senders encoding process (Sanchez, N. Communication Process. http://web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. 2000. 2) The message is the encoded thoughts of the sender taking the form of the chosen code. It is the essential content of information to be passed in communication (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007. 2). It can be written, verbal or non-verbal, pictures, diagrams or numbers and should be in the language mutually understood my both sender and receiver. Messages usually have hidden or clear meanings that the receiver has to unravel in order to understand the message the sender is trying to convey. Seeing as textual social networks mainly rely on eye-sight as means of input and output only, non-verbal messages accompanying the verbal messages cant be observed and so misunderstandings in the effect of the messages can occur. Thus my friend and I have to carefully choose the wording of our messages to avoid uncomfortable mishaps. Noise refers to any distraction or interference in the environment in which the communication is taking place and can be physical or psychological (Johns, T. 1995. Business Basics: Organisational behaviours. The Communication Process. BPP Publishing Limited. 9) Noise can also refer to a problem in the chosen medium or encoding or decoding of the message in some stage of the process that can lead to misunderstandings (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007. 2) In my case study the MXit service was unstable and either me or my friends phone will occasionally disconnect from the service temporarily and so messages will get lost and wont be received by the intended receiver. This caused frustration as the receiver will keep waiting ignorant to the fact that the message got lost in a bad connection and will start thinking the sender is ignoring him. This just creates an uncomfortable atmosphere that can influence the fluid continuation of the conversation. Feedback is the final step in the communication process. This is when the role of the sender and receiver swaps and its the receivers turn to send a message which will be a response to the senders message he decoded. This is of immense importance as this is an evaluation of the senders communication abilities. The efficiency of the senders ability to communicate will be determined by the receivers reaction which will determine whether the senders meaning was effectively transferred or not. In my case study feedback will be any response to any message sent between my friend and I. These responses determined whether we have the same meaning assigned to some of the slang and abbreviations we used and enable us to apply changes in our encoding where needed. Context in the communication process refers to the idea that there is a suitable time and place for every message that needs to be conveyed. There is physical context (the environments one chooses to communicate in), social context (the occasion during which one chooses to communicate in) and cultural context that involves an even bigger set of rules in certain societies which will restrict the way you communicate (Dimbleby, R. Burton, G. 1998. More Than Words: An Introduction to Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge) In my MXit conversation the context refers to the context of each individual communicator. For instance, it would be rude to chat on MXt while one is sitting at the dinner table or having a personal conversation with another person. To converse in a MXit conversation one has to be at ease and alone in the comfort of ones privacy and not be interacting with other people. Conclusion Thus I just proved Dr Gordon Coatess statement correct. Through investigating and discussing the components and elements of the communication process in more depth and then applying the theory to reality, it is clear that although it seemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that the process by which communication occurs is very simple in concept, (it) can become extremely complex if it is inspected closely. Biograghy Johns, Dr Ted. 1995. Business Basics: Organisational behaviours. BPP Publishing Limited Meesala, Dr Appalayya. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007 Sanchez, Nick. Communication Process. http://web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. 2000 Galvin, Kathleen M. Wilkinson, Charles A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. Roxbury Publishing Coates, Gordon T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com Dimbleby, Richard. Burton, G. 1998. More Than Words: An Introduction to Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge Nordquist, Richard. Communication Process. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Communication-Process.htm?p=1. 2011 Steinberg, Sheila. 2007. An Introduction to Communication studies. 1st ed. Juta Co.

How does Shakespeare Exploit the Supernatural for dramatic Effect in Ma

The play begins in a 'desolate place' as the stage directions tell us. Shakespeare uses the pathetic fallacy of 'Thunder and Lightening.' This creates an atmosphere of dark and evil and anticipates something frightening. There are three witches, casting a spell, as Shakespeare shows through the use of rhyming couplets at the end of lines. In addition to this, he uses the syntatic parralelism to suggest that everything is not what it will seem. 'Fair is foul and foul is fair.' This warns the audience so that they can make predictions of what will happen in 'Macbeth.' A Jacobean audience and Shakespeare?s contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly, including the king of that time, King James I of England. They would be intrigued by the witches? predictions in ?Macbeth,? as well as the witches? costumes on stage being scary to them. Nowadays, witches aren?t thought of as an avatar of the devil, so it would take a different kind of witch to interest a modern audience, one that challenges stereotypes. In the next scene Macbeth is shown to be fighting agaisnt the Norweigen army single handedly, showing imense bravery. Therefore, the juxtaposition between Scene I and Scene II, in Act I, is evil and good, the complete opposites. The opening scene of the play is a future prediction about the battle between good and evil and ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? In Act I Scene III Macbeth meets the witches upon a heath. The witches predict that Macbeth is going to become Thane of Cawdor and they ?hail Macbeth, that shalt be King Hereafter!? Later on in the scene Ross and Angus enter to tell Macbeth he is to become Thane of Cawdor. This instance of dramatic irony encourages Macbeth to... ...is leads up to Lady Macbeth falling to her death. The hallucinations of blood on her hands driving her to the point of insanity so much so that she had to commit suicide. The supernatural element of the play still has an effect on a modern audience. For example, ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? It gets the audience guessing. When the audience meets a character that appears to be ?good? on the outside, it keeps them wondering what they are really like. After all, ?Macbeth? is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Although the supernatural nowadays take on a more friendly prevalence-than in the 1600?s- such as in TV programmes like Buffy or Sabrina, and aren?t considered as gruesome, evil characters, the supernatural in ?Macbeth? still have great dramatic impact on a 21st century audience. How does Shakespeare Exploit the Supernatural for dramatic Effect in Ma The play begins in a 'desolate place' as the stage directions tell us. Shakespeare uses the pathetic fallacy of 'Thunder and Lightening.' This creates an atmosphere of dark and evil and anticipates something frightening. There are three witches, casting a spell, as Shakespeare shows through the use of rhyming couplets at the end of lines. In addition to this, he uses the syntatic parralelism to suggest that everything is not what it will seem. 'Fair is foul and foul is fair.' This warns the audience so that they can make predictions of what will happen in 'Macbeth.' A Jacobean audience and Shakespeare?s contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly, including the king of that time, King James I of England. They would be intrigued by the witches? predictions in ?Macbeth,? as well as the witches? costumes on stage being scary to them. Nowadays, witches aren?t thought of as an avatar of the devil, so it would take a different kind of witch to interest a modern audience, one that challenges stereotypes. In the next scene Macbeth is shown to be fighting agaisnt the Norweigen army single handedly, showing imense bravery. Therefore, the juxtaposition between Scene I and Scene II, in Act I, is evil and good, the complete opposites. The opening scene of the play is a future prediction about the battle between good and evil and ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? In Act I Scene III Macbeth meets the witches upon a heath. The witches predict that Macbeth is going to become Thane of Cawdor and they ?hail Macbeth, that shalt be King Hereafter!? Later on in the scene Ross and Angus enter to tell Macbeth he is to become Thane of Cawdor. This instance of dramatic irony encourages Macbeth to... ...is leads up to Lady Macbeth falling to her death. The hallucinations of blood on her hands driving her to the point of insanity so much so that she had to commit suicide. The supernatural element of the play still has an effect on a modern audience. For example, ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? It gets the audience guessing. When the audience meets a character that appears to be ?good? on the outside, it keeps them wondering what they are really like. After all, ?Macbeth? is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Although the supernatural nowadays take on a more friendly prevalence-than in the 1600?s- such as in TV programmes like Buffy or Sabrina, and aren?t considered as gruesome, evil characters, the supernatural in ?Macbeth? still have great dramatic impact on a 21st century audience.

Satire in Jane Austen’s Pride in Prejudice

Jane Austen’s Satirical Writing: Analyzing the Satire of Social Class Within Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice delves into the issue of why social standing in a society based solely on class should not be the most important thing when evaluating the worth of a person. Through several different literary techniques – such as letters and abundant focalizers – Austen conveys important information about key issues she has with the significance placed on social standing. The theme of class and social standing is echoed constantly throughout Austen’s novel in numerous ways, highlighting several aspects of the gentry that she distrusts. The entirety of the novel focuses mainly on the distances placed between characters due to their social standing in a class based society. Regardless of how fit a person may be in either mind or capabilities, if a high sum of money is not contained within their personhood (or their estate), they are considered menial. Jane Austen uses the social relationships between her characters to satirize the importance placed on the hierarchy of class in society. Austen wrote the novel in order to define and satirize the problems that she saw in the hierarchy of class in the society of her time. Throughout the entire novel â€Å"there isn’t a character†¦who’s introduced without his income being mentioned in the next sentence† (Selznick 92). The ridiculousness of the value placed upon money – of which the middle class has very little – is evident as Austen progresses the story and the relationships between her characters – namely between Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth. The fact that, in Austen’s time, the society revolved around the gentry – whose entire idea of class and power involved money – makes it easier for the audience reading Pride and Prejudice to understand why she has satirized this issue. She does this quite flawlessly throughout the novel, relying on her knowledge of the increasing adamancy of the middle class to gain social status and power through more than just land, money and relations. The significance of social standing and the desire of the characters aspire to it can be seen in different instances throughout the novel. However, there are a few characters for which the idea of wealth and power mean very little, who strive to better themselves through their own wit and charm, rather than through the advantages of money. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, is one such character. It is difficult for her to adjust to the sense of reality in which the novel exists due to the fact that the society has been permanently established and there is very little she can do to earn the credit she deserves. Yet it is due to Elizabeth’s unique personality that the audience is able to understand why her interest for the things at Pemberley and the positive change in heart she has for Mr. Darcy’s character show the dual nature of how Austen thought of the personal attainment of identity and morality balanced with her begrudged acknowledgement of a limited and restrained society (Hamilton). There are several other characters that believe the importance placed on monetary gain to be superfluous and still others that also come to realize this. It is through both the understanding and ignorance of these characters that it becomes evident just how deeply Austen distrusted the idea of an individual requiring social power in order to be recognized as an accomplished individual. Austen paid especially close attention to economic and social standing when it came to her characters for the express purpose of satirizing why their superior class was not necessarily more agreeable or accomplished than those in the lower classes. She wrote her novels with the idea that â€Å"the quality of humanity is to be judged by moral and human standards†¦not by social status; but like her own temporary snobs†¦she pays full attention to their social status first† (Copeland 121). As seen with Austen’s character Mr. Darcy, she concentrates fully on his attachments to his reputation before she delves into who he becomes and how much better off he is when he realizes the error in his way of thinking. In assessing the weight that social standing has on the progression of the story in Pride and Prejudice, one can attain a great bit of insight into why specific characters act the way they do throughout the novel. The infamous Bingley sisters, for instance, are so attached to the idea of material wealth that they fail to realize when their comments are unacceptable. Ms. Bingley herself, who is so attached to the idea that she is superior to Elizabeth in every way, cannot understand why Mr. Darcy could possibly find Elizabeth attractive in any sort of manner. It is her status-hungry and conceited personality that allows the audience to see the sheer difference between her and her brother, Mr. Charles Bingley. Unlike his sisters, he is not trying to climb up the social hierarchy to gain status and power; instead, he shows a gentler, more levelheaded side to the gentry as he falls in love with Elizabeth’s older sister, Jane. It is characters with personalities and ideals like Mr. Bingley’s that Austen revered and trusted above all others. Curiously enough, however, the hardheaded Mr. Darcy, who is very aware of his social standing, is the one character in the novel who goes through the most drastic personality change. Though Elizabeth Bennet had the positive, clever and levelheaded personality that Austen herself may have had when dealing with the social mobility of her time, it is instead the incredible change of heart that Mr. Darcy undergoes that shows how someone who is socially superior can realize the importance of wit, charm and beauty of those around him instead of being concerned only with their social status. This is how Austen is able to satirize these problems so efficiently that a modern audience does not realize that she is poking fun at the societal importance of class in her time and instead sees nothing but a charming romance. Yet Austen was doing much more than writing a simple love story. The novel was written in a transitional period when peoples’ way of thinking was shifting from a romantic look at life to a more enlightened view of living. The ideals of the eighteenth century – where people saw society as organized and divinely structured – were quickly lost to the thinkers of the more modernistic views of society in the nineteenth century, in which there was a significant loss of faith in any spiritualistic based society. Instead, nineteenth century thought turned towards the idea of the individual as the only path towards order. This new idea of placing emphasis on the self was especially important to Austen, yet she realized that the tendency of an organized and structured society was to value a person by their material wealth, rather than who the individual really was. She was able to take both ideas and mold them into her ideal situation, which can be seen in the last few lines of the novel when Elizabeth is at last accepted into Pemberley and its heritage. It is here that the individual â€Å"remains exactly where Austen would have it, in the center of a stable eighteenth-century world† (Hamilton 36). Class and social standing is a very evident and important issue for Austen and she satirizes it with the utmost diligence throughout the novel using intricate, yet simplistic designs for her characters’ relationships. For instance, instead of being forced to marry Mr. Collins for the express purpose of making a new connection on their own, Elizabeth refuses to be controlled by society’s standards and defies Mrs. Bennet’s wishes in order to â€Å"demonstrate that it is still possible for individuals to make new connections in defiance of society† (Austen 395). Tony Tanner, a British literary critic, who wrote the original introduction to Pride and Prejudice conveyed that Austen wrote about â€Å"a society which stresses social control over individual ecstasy, formality over informality, sartorial neatness over bodily abandon, and alert consciousnesses over the more Romantic states of revery and trance† and yet it is also â€Å"a society in which the individual can experience freedom as well as commitment† (Austen 395). The unfathomable amount of thought that Jane Austen put into writing Pride and Prejudice show how deeply she cared for the freedom of the individual and the ability to stand proudly in a society that overlooked individual assets for material ones. Tanner also credited Austen with the ability to create a character around the central idea of attempting to prove their individual worth within a society bound entirely by the ordinance of class. He is able to demonstrate the importance Austen placed on her characters – especially Elizabeth and Jane Bennet – finding themselves in a gentry-based society by drawing on William Blake’s In the Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Tanner argues – with Blake’s ideals in mind – that Austen takes two completely different aspects of life, energy and reason, and instead of reconciling these opposite attractions, there is a mutual coming together of complementary characteristics. He puts it plainly when he states that â€Å"she makes it seem as if it is possible for playfulness and regulation – energy and boundaries – to be united in fruitful harmony, without the one being sacrificed to the other† (Austen 106). This ability to take two unlike ideas and mesh them together without either losing its significance is exactly how Austen takes society’s emphasis on social standing and class and reverses it into something that now benefits a character where before it could only hinder (i. e. Elizabeth’s transformation from a meager middle-class girl, to the Mistress of Pemberley). However, not all critics have been kind to the way in which Austen portrays this transformational miracle of a young girl suddenly coming into great sums of money, merely by the tact and wit she shows in the way she lives. These critics find Austen’s dealing with social standing and class to be abhorrent. In fact, one such critic happens to be a famous authoress who, in writing a letter to G. H. Lewes in 1848, stated that she disliked the novel due to its frivolous dealings with the common life of both the upper and the middle-class. In her writing to the British literary and theatre critic, the authoress stated that she â€Å"should hardly like to live with her ladies and gentlemen, in their elegant but confined houses† (Austen 368). It was, in fact, Currer Bell – more widely known as Charlotte Bronte – who wrote this letter, in which the reader can clearly sense the contempt she had for Austen’s writing and the way she portrayed her characters. Though perhaps more of an criticism towards the way Austen wrote in general, Bronte was still very serious with her concern about the way in which Austen depicted her characters and their lives. She had, in Bronte’s view, â€Å"no sense of the outward world – either scenery or personal appearance† (Mazzeno 558). It is obvious that Austen’s portrayal of social standing, class, romance, money, marriage and many other themes throughout Pride and Prejudice were not held in high regard with Bronte. Though the majority of critical analyses both praising and condemning the way in which Austen depicts social standing in her novel have been done by literary thinkers, there have been other mediums through which the novel has been adapted, such that even criticism of someone as famous as Charlotte Bronte is outshined. For example, in their book Authority, State and National Character, professors Kuzmics of the University of Graz and Axtmann of the University of Wales, when addressing the problems that both Britain and Austria have seen in relation to social class when examining the issues that arose in several literary novels and dramas of the time, state that when they first studied Pride and Prejudice, they thought it had very little to do with such issues. They believed that â€Å"the fate of the Bennet sisters in rural gentry-based England just after the turn of the century revolved around such harmless matters as a ball at Netherfield† (Kuzmics 223). It is apparent that both professors believe – at least upon their first reading of it – that Austen’s novel had very little to do with the very real problems that are satirized throughout the story. Their criticism of the novel, however, in relation to how both Austrian and English society has evolved during the civilizing process is perhaps accurate without an in depth reading of Pride and Prejudice, as it seems to merely have a â€Å"relaxed air of cheerfulness and ironic, detached art of people watching† (Kuzmics 223). Conversely, after one looks past all the pleasantries that the story has to offer, one realizes that, as the professors correctly stated, it only appears to have nothing to do with issues of class. This is why the novel must be read carefully, to push past the obvious romance of the story and dig into the satirical tone in which Austen addresses such important matters. As the professors continue their research into the heart of the novel, they revealed very important aspects of Austen’s writing about social class and how it is a perfect example of English society, even to this day. She defined so clearly how England was a â€Å"face-to-face† or â€Å"shame society† in which â€Å"the opposite of social respectability is social disgrace† which was â€Å"to be avoided at all costs† (Kuzmics 227). This meant that for those families that were unable to depend on an inheritance or their relations in order to live comfortably in society, they could only rely upon prospective marriage partners for a comfortable life. It is because of this importance placed upon society’s standards of what makes a family valuable that â€Å"the social value and respectability of the potential future spouse is ascertained and made visible† (Southam 113). This, in turn, makes it difficult for someone such as Elizabeth – who is very accomplished in her wit and charm – unable to stoop so low as to accept a marriage proposal from someone she has no tender feelings toward. The idea of marrying only for money, power or social stability is part of the reason why Elizabeth Bennet is thought of as impertinent by other characters in the novel such as Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine, and at times even her own mother. Yet it is because of Elizabeth’s character and the audacity she is capable of showing to such renowned individuals that proves Austen meant her novel to be much more than a romantic story between two characters. She wanted a stab at the problems of the gentry, to affirm her belief that basing the worth of an individual merely by their material wealth was hardly the best way of assessing someone’s value (Wilhelm). She was able to do a fantastic job of satirizing the gentry throughout her novel by using several different aspects of what made a renowned person so important: money, connections and property. In the general notes of the Penguin Classic version of Pride and Prejudice, David Spring, author of Interpreters of Jane Austen’s Social World, used historian Alan Everitt’s coined term ‘pseudo-gentry’ to describe a group of individuals that were comprised mostly of those involved with the trade, who aspired to attain the lifestyle of the landed gentry. It is because of this idea that in order to be worth something, a person must own land, that several of the characters from Austen’s novel seek ‘land-based wealth,’ which is an obvious sign of â€Å"a class intensely interested in income as means to, and a sign of, status† (Austen 413). This shows that Austen’s novel is written from a point of view that sees upward mobility as a bleak, corrupt hierarchy and is much more interested in the professional middle class – the class which, in Pride and Prejudice is represented quite adeptly by the Gardiners. This idea of attempting to identify oneself in a strict society based on social class has taken on numerous different forms: books, critical essays, movies and television series. Innumerable amounts of professional critics have delved deeply into Austen’s novel’s representation of class, manners and even the social status of women in British society. In the incredibly faithful six hour long A&E/BBC adaptation of the book, Sue Britwistle – the program’s producer – wanted to include â€Å"many clear illustrations of the way that class and gender are governed by proper British manners†¦and highlight the importance of economic status in Regency England† (Selznick 92). The fact that women could only gain social standing through marriage is very apparent through all of Austen’s writing, not just Pride and Prejudice. It is incredible to think that a woman was worth nothing unless she had a substantial inheritance, as seen with Georgiana and Mr. Wickham. He cared nothing for her abilities, her looks, her personality – the only thing he desired was the hefty sum of money she would receive through inheritance. The type of relationship is seen numerous times throughout the novel and only contravened when Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy marry the two Bennet sisters. It is, as professors Kuzmics and Axtmann so rightly called it, a marriage market. The worth of an individual could only be seen through the instance of marriage, when a person’s monetary value was ascertained and brought into light. There are several different instances throughout the novel in which social standing and class are satirized, though none so much as the motif of carriages. Austen placed importance upon how many and of what kind carriage a person owned; it signaled wealth, status and power – which, to Austen, was not a feasible way to judge the worth of a person. The aspect of carriages even flows into the marriage market, where the prospective bride (because the groom always seemed to be worthy regardless) is critiqued and either approved or denied. Part of this process is inquiry into how many and what kind of carriages the bride owns – if any. Their chances of finding a suitable match dwindles if they do not own an acceptable carriage (Walder). This is seen when Lady Catherine tracks down Elizabeth at Longbourn, wondering how her nephew could have possibly proposed to one such as her – someone who walks places without the aide of a carriage to take her anywhere. One of the most noteworthy characters that Austen uses to satirize social standing in her novel is Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Austen utilizes Lady Catherine for the primary function of criticizing the aristocratic society in which she places her character, as Lady Catherine is one of the most prideful and overbearing personalities in the novel. Jane Austen mercilessly ridicules the hierarchal society she was raised in by using Catherine as a means to convey how prominent figures (who were only important because of their wealth) thought themselves to be experts on almost every topic, even if they had no prior knowledge of the subject of which they were speaking on. For example, when Elizabeth visits Lady Catherine at Rosings, she is not only terribly inquisitive about how the girl had been raised, but when she asks Elizabeth if she plays the piano, Catherine admits that she herself could not. Though, as she states soon afterward, if she had practiced, there was no doubt that she would have been incredible. Ironically enough, it is due to Lady Catherine’s sudden visitation with Elizabeth near the end of the novel that Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are married. By telling her nephew of the interview that she had with Elizabeth, Catherine allows the seed of hope to appear in Mr. Darcy. Lady Catherine’s attempt at interference between her nephew and Elizabeth is ultimately the reason that the two marry – not to mention that it is a means by which Austen can convey the strong personality she bequeathed upon Elizabeth to show that one’s social station should not limit her, but help her to hold her own in what most people saw as polite-society. Through many instances of dark humor, tragedy and even comedic aspects, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice takes a critical look at the issue of social standing in society and severely reprimands its ideals. Austen distrusted several aspects of the society in which she lived and tried to right its wrongs by satirizing the importance that the gentry placed on social standing and class. Though this may not have worked quite as well as she would have hoped – as most people view Pride and Prejudice as a mere romance story – with her cut and dry, black and white views of what a person should be judged by, Austen clearly wanted her society to realize that a person could only be considered accomplished if they truly had the talents to be – not whether or not they could afford to buy their name. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Copeland, Edward, and Juliet McMaster. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print. Hamilton, Sylvia N. Constructing Mr. Darcy: Tradition, Gender, and Silent Spaces in Jane Austen. Thesis. University of Central Oklahoma, 2007. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest, 2008. Print. Kuzmics, Helmut, and Roland Axtmann. Authority, State and National Character: the Civilizing Process in Austria and England, 1700-1900. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007. Print. Mazzeno, Laurence W. Jane Austen: Two Centuries of Criticism. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2011. Print. Selznick, Barbara J. Global Television Co-producing Culture. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2008. Print. Southam, B. C. Jane Austen: the Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1999. Print. Walder, Dennis. The Realist Novel. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. Wilhelm, Julia. Appropriations of Jane Austen's â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† in Contemporary British Fiction. Thesis. Johannes Gutenberg University, 2007. Mainz, Germany: Grin Verlag, 2008. Print.